tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9982600547131201862024-03-05T09:03:44.567-08:00RiCh ChoCOLAteLiyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.comBlogger161125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-6532706470166100072017-02-25T05:57:00.000-08:002017-02-25T05:57:09.768-08:00Snacking Behavior (Perilaku Jajan)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebuah penentu utama perilaku makan
manusia adalah pemodelan sosial, dimana orang menggunakan makan orang lain sebagai
panduan untuk apa dan berapa banyak untuk makan. Kami meninjau studi
eksperimental yang memiliki independen memanipulasi perilaku makan dari rujukan
sosial (baik melalui konfederasi hidup atau jarak jauh) dan diukur baik pilihan
makanan atau asupan. Enam <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>puluh sembilan
percobaan yang memenuhi syarat (dengan lebih dari 5800 peserta) yang diidentifikasi
yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1974 dan 2014. Berbicara kepada kekokohan
fenomena pemodelan, 64 dari studi ini telah menemukan efek modeling fi kan
secara statistik signifikan, meskipun substansial keragaman dalam metodologi,
jenis makanan, konteks sosial dan demografi peserta.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berkaitan dengan intervensi
kesehatan ketika menyesuaikan untuk keadaan pribadi seseorang diperlukan
pengembangan intervensi yang bertujuan untuk menyertakan item yang mewakili
masing-masing dari enam kategori untuk mencerminkan alasan utama untuk
mengkonsumsi <i>unhealthy food.</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Faktor utama yang lebih kuat
mempengaruhi seseorang untuk mengkonsumsi snack yang tidak sehat yaitu pada
enjoying a special ocassion dan pada Faktor Opportunity induced eating, faktor
ini yang diadopsi peserta sebagai kategori penunjuk yang paling penting untuk mengkonsumsi
cemilan tidak sehat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Demikian pula, berkaitan dengan
intervensi kesehatan, ketika menyesuaikan untuk keadaan pribadi seseorang
diperlukan, pengembang intervensi bisa bertujuan untuk menyertakan item yang
mewakili masing-masing dari enam kategori untuk mencerminkan alasan utama untuk
mengkonsumsi tidak sehat makanan ringan berlaku untuk audiens yang besar.
Selain itu, fokus yang lebih kuat pada menikmati acara khusus dan pada
kesempatan diinduksi makan dapat diadopsi sebagai peserta ditunjukkan kategori
ini sebagai relatif paling penting untuk ngemil yang tidak sehat. Ini bisa
misalnya dilakukan dengan mempromosikan ketersediaan alternatif yang sehat
ketika merayakan sebuah acara, dan pada kontrol impuls untuk memerangi
kesempatan diinduksi makan (Cleobury & Tapper, 2014). </span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-81196886051393369502017-02-25T05:46:00.000-08:002017-02-25T05:46:26.203-08:00NAFSU AGRESI DAN ADAPTASI DENGAN LINGKUNGAN KERAS <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Landasan Teori</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam Psikologi Sosial pengertian Ag</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">resi merupakan tindakan melukai </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">dan menyakiti orang dengan sengaja, baik itu secara verbal maupun
fisik. agresi merujuk pada perilaku yang dimaksudkan untuk membuat objeknya
mengalami bahaya atau kesakitan. Pengrusakan barang dan perilaku destruktif
lainnya juga termasuk dalam definisi agresi. Agresi tidak sama dengan
ketegasan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Agresi adalah fenomena kompleks yang
terdiri dari sejumlah perilaku dari jenis yang lebih khusus.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seperti kebanyakan perilaku lainnya, agresi dapat dilihat sebagai
kemampuan yang bisa membantu binatang untuk selamat dan bereproduksi. Binatang
menggunakan agresi untuk memperluas dan mempertahankan teritorial, termasuk
berbagai sumber kehidupan lainnya seperti makanan, air, dan pasangan hidup.
Peneliti telah berteori bahwa agresi dan kemampuan membunuh adalah hasil dari evolusi
kita di masa lalu. Walaupun manusia mirip dengan binatang dalam beberapa aspek
dari agresi, tapi ada perbedaan dalam kompleksitas dari agresinya akibat faktor
kebudayaan, moral, dan situasi sosial. Sejumlah penelitian telah dilakukan
dalam bidang ini. Alkohol, obat-obatan, rasa sakit dan ketidaknyamanan,
frustasi, dan umpatan dalam media massa hanyalah sebagian faktor yang
berpengaruh terhadap agresi pada manusia.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Jenis-jenis Agresi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis agresi ada beberapa macam. Menurut Myers
(dalam Sarwono, 2002) membagi agresi dalam dua jenis, yaitu agresi rasa benci
atau agresi marah <i>(hostile aggression)</i> dan agresi sebagai sarana untuk
mencapai tujuan lain <i>(instrumental aggression). </i>Agresi rasa benci atau
agresi marah <i>(hostile aggression) </i>adalah ungkapan kemarahan dan ditandai
dengan emosi yang tinggi dimana perilaku agresi ini adalah tujuan agresi itu
sendiri. Akibat dari agresi ini tidak dipikirkan oleh pelaku dan pelaku memang
tidak peduli jika akibat perbuatannya lebih banyak menimbulkan kerugian
daripada manfaat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agresi instrumental <i>(instrumental aggression)</i> pada umumnya tidak
disertai emosi, bahkan antara pelaku dan korban kadang-kadang tidak ada
hubungan pribadi. Agresi disini hanya merupakan sarana untuk mencapai tujuan
lain, misalnya: seorang preman yang memukuli pemilik toko untuk memungut uang
paksa bagi organisasinya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Atkinson
(1999) ada beberapa jenis perilaku agresi yaitu:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agresi
instrumental, yaitu: agresi yang ditujukan untuk membuat penderitaan
kepada korbannya dengan menggunakan alat-alat baik benda ataupun orang
atau ide yang dapat menjadi alat untuk mewujudkan rasa agresinya,
misalnya: orang melakukan penyerangan atau melukai orang lain dengan
menggunakan suatu benda atau alat untuk melukai lawannya. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agresi verbal,
yaitu: agresi yang dilakukan terhadap sumber agresi secara verbal. Agresi
verbal ini dapat berupa kata-kata kotor atau kata-kata yang dianggap mampu
menyakiti atau menyakitkan, melukai, menyinggung perasaan atau membuat
orang lain menderita. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agresi fisik,
yaitu: agresi yang dilakukan dengan fisik sebagai pelampiasan marah oleh
individu yang mengalami agresi tersebut, misalnya: agresi yang pada
perkelahian, respon menyerang muncul terhadap stimulus yang luas baik
berupa objek hidup maupun objek yang mati. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agresi emosional,
yaitu: agresi yang dilakukan semata-mata sebagai pelampiasan marah dan
agresi ini sering dialami orang yang tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk
melakukan agresi secara terbuka, misalnya: karena keterbatasan kemampuan,
kelemahan dan ketidakberdayaan. Agresi ini dibangkitkan oleh perasaan
tersinggung atau kemarahan, tetapi agresi ini hanya sebagai
keinginan-keinginan (bersifat terpendam), misalnya: individu akan merasa
terluka jika individu lain tidak menghargai dirinya secara langsung,
seperti orang yang memegang kepala orang lain, orang yang dipegang
kepalanya akan merasa tersinggung. </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Agresi
konseptual, yaitu: agresi yang juga bersifat penyaluran agresi yang
disebabkan oleh ketidakberdayaan untuk melawan baik verbal maupun fisik.
Individu yang marah menyalurkan agresinya secara konsep atau saran-saran
yang membuat orang lain menjadi ikut menyalurkan agresi, misalnya: bentuk
hasutan, ide-ide yang menyesatkan atau isu-isu yang membuat orang lain
menjadi marah, terpukul, kecewa ataupun menderita.</span></li>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Proses Agresi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Agresi merupakan permasalahan yang akan terus
menerus ada selama manusia masih menghuni dunia ini. Kejadian-kejadian yang
menyakitkan dan membuat hati kita iba, tak pelak pula disumbangkan oleh agresi
yang paling sering kita sebut dengan kekerasan. Sebagai contoh yaitu tindakan
seorang anak yang menyerang temannya sampai mengalami patah tulang lengan
karena anak tersebut menonton acara-acara TV yang berbau agresi, seperti
smackdown dan film silat-silatan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perkembangan perilaku agresif mengikuti
perkembangan fisik, sosial, psikologis dan perkembangan lainnya. Agresif
berkaitan dengan trauma pada masa anak pada saat merasa lapar, kedinginan,
basah, atau merasa tidak nyaman. Bila kebutuhan tersebut tidak terpenuhi terus
menerus, maka ia akan menampakkan reaksi berupa menangis, kejang, atau
kontraksi otot, perubahan ekspresi warna kulit, bahkan mencoba menahan napasnya
(Yosep, 2007). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Setelah anak berkembang dewasa ia menampakkan
reaksi yang lebih keras pada saat kebutuhan-kebutuhannya tidak terpenuhi.
Seperti tempertantrum, melempar, menjerit, menahan napas, mencakar, merusak
atau bersikap agresif pada bonekanya. Bila reward and punishment tidak
dilakukan maka ia cenderung menganggap perbuatan tersebut benar (Yosep, 2007). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bila kontrol lingkungan seputar anak tidak
berfungsi, maka reaksi agresif tersebut bertambah kuat sampai dewasa. Sehingga
apabila ia merasa benci atau frustasi dalam mencapai tujuannya ia akan
bertindak agresif. Hal ini akan bertambah apabila ia merasa kehilangan
orang-orang yang dicintai dan orang yang berarti. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tetapi pelan-pelan ia akan belajar mengontrol
dirinya dengan norma dan etika dari dalam dirinya yang dia adopsi dari
pendidikan dan lingkungan sekitarnya, ia akan belajar mana yang baik dan mana
yang tidak baik. Sehingga pola asuh dan orang-orang terdekat sekitar lingkungan
akan sangat berarti (Yosep, 2007). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perilaku kekerasan dianggap sebagai suatu
akibat yang ekstrim dari marah atau ketakutan (panik). Perilaku agresif dan
perilaku kekerasan itu sendiri sering dipandang sebagai suatu rentang, dimana
agresif verbal di suatu sisi dan perilaku kekerasan (violence) di sisi yang
lain (Yosep, 2007).</span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-75796918736397424062015-12-22T19:41:00.002-08:002016-03-24T00:44:20.534-07:00Contoh Lampiran Eksperimen Bahasa<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "agency fb" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 200%;">Maria berlari dari kejaran kerajaan
Parigi ke Utara mencari buah beri dan ceri sampai matahari tak terlihat lagi.</span></h2>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">pada saat membacakan kalimat diatas, ciptakan suasana <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">yang hening dan tenang. <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">setelah <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">3x pengulangan berikan pertanyaan pada testee se<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">perti berikut :</span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span></span></span></span></span> </span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Question 1-</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapa yang berlari ?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemana Ia berlari ?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang ia cari ?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "agency fb" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;">Begitu juga dengan soal yang kedua, lakukan persis sama dengan soal kalimat diatas. setelah 3x pengulangan berikan soal seperti Question 2.</span> </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "agency fb" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 200%;">Semut
di dapur</span></h2>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "agency fb" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 200%;">Jeli
diatas meja</span></h2>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "agency fb" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 200%;">Jeli
tersebut manis</span></h2>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "agency fb" , "sans-serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 200%;">Semut
memakan jeli</span></h2>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-Question 2-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapa yang manis ?</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apa yang diatas meja ?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meja ada dimana ?</span><br />
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Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-12611041302704175892015-12-22T19:39:00.001-08:002015-12-22T19:39:27.098-08:00Language Experiment - Psychology Cognitive<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam suatu proses kognitif yang
paling menarik adalah cara sebuah pikiran mempengaruhi pikiran yang lain
melalui bahasa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam proses tersebut,
sejumlah sel yang tersusun di otak akan diubah secara permanen, sejumlah
pikiran baru akan dibentuk, dan secara harfiah akan berubah. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Studi mengenai bahasa adalah studi
yang dianggap penting oleh para psikolog kognitif.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkembangan bahasa mencerminkan abstraksi
yang unik, yang menjadi dasar kognisi manusia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sekalipun bentuk kehidupan yang lain (Hewan) memiliki cara berkomunikasi
dalam bentuk lain yang rumit, namun manusia memiliki tingkat abstraksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang lebih besar. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak
cara untuk berkomunikasi yang tidak meliputi bahasa, tetapi bahasa merupakan
alat yang sangat kuat untuk mengeluarkan suatu ide, perasaan dan pengetahuan
dari satu orang ke orang yang lain. Bahasa adalah sesuatu yang utama untuk
berkomunikasi dengan orang lain, kita masih sering memilih kemampuan kompleks
untuk diterima selaku benar. Kemungkinan ini karena, sebagai orang dewasa, kita
memiliki sedikit ingatan mengenai proses yang panjang dari kemahiran berbahasa.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahasa
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beberapa level. Sebagai contoh, kata terdiri dari vokal dasar dan bunyi
konsonan, atau fenomena; frase terdiri dari kata; kalimat dari frase; dan yang
lainnya. Bahasa juga memiliki speech error yang dapat membuat orang lain tidak
dapat memahami percakapan (bahasa) seseorang. Bahasa juga berhubungan dengan
otak, karena bahasa tergantung pada fungsi otak, sehingga bahasa memiliki
spesialisasi pada belahan otak dan gangguan otak yang menyebabkan gannguan pada
bahasa.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kami melakukan Eksperimen kecil untuk mengetahui proses kognitif dalam penempatan bahasa. Penelitian yang kami lakukan mengenai bentuk kalimat
yang memiliki persamaan bunyi. Pada penelitian ini kami membahas tingkat pemahaman
bahasa terhadap Auditory verbal yang memiliki persamaan bunyi dan bagaimana
proses bahasa itu terjadi.</span></div>
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mso-style-noshow:yes;
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mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin:0in;
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font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
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</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagaimana teori bahasa menurut definisi para ahli ?</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagaimana memahami beberapa fungsional bahasa ?</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagaimana memahami working memory memproduksi bahasa secara
lisan dan tulisan ?</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bagaimana cara kita memahami Bahasa ? </span></div>
<br />
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<o:AllowPNG/>
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<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
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<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
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<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
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<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
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<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
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<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
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<![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian ini merujuk pada sebuah jurnal mengenai materi
bahasa yang dikaitkan dengan working memori, Jurnal berjudul :
“Phonological similarity and the irrelevant speech effect: Implications for
models of short-term verbal memory”.</span></div>
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melakukan percobaan pada tahap dua saja. Dan ada sedikit perbedaan pada alat
dan desain yang digunakan. Partisipan adalah mahasiswa fakultas Psikologi UIN
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta (semester 1 kelas C) yang terdiri dari 20 orang (14
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kemampuan responden dalam menangkap informasi secara cepat, kemudian para
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>0</sub> = Kesamaan bunyi pada
bahasa yang disampaikan pada responden tidak mempengaruhi pemahaman bahasa
mahasiswa Psikologi UIN Jakarta semester 1 C</span></span></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>1</sub> = kesamaan bunyi pada
bahasa yang disampaikan pada responden memiliki pengaruh terhadap pemahaman
bahasa mahasiswa Psikologi UIN Jakarta semester 1 C</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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teori linguistik dari Chomsky, bahwa ada pengaruh yang relevan antara tingkat
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 243.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
ini dilakukan di Universitas Islam Negeri Jakarta Fakultas Psikologi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 243.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu Penelitian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 243.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian ini
dilakukan pada </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">15 Nov</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ember
2013 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pada waktu pulang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kuliah</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prosedur Eksperimen</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
percobaan ini kami membagi responde menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok pertama kami
memperdengarkan informasi berupa suara wanita dengan <i>similiarity phonology</i>
terlebih dahulu setelah itu kami memperdengarkan prosa biasa. Dan pada
eksperimen kedua kami memperdengarkan prosa terlebih dahulu baru setelah itu
responden mendengarkan suara dengan kalimat <i>similiarity phonology.</i> Pada
kedua percobaan tersebut kami memberikan masing masing 3 pertanyaan yg
berhubungan dengan informasi yang telah kami perdengarkan kepada responden.
Untuk mengetahui bagaimana pemahaman para responden terhadap kesamaan kalimat.</span></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></span></div>
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<b>Hasil Penelitian</b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam
penelitian kami mengkhususkan pada materi fonologi. Fonologi ialah bagian dari
ilmu bahasa yang mempelajari tata bunyi atau kaidah bunyi dan cara
menghasilkannya. Mengapa bunyi dipelajari? Karena wujud bahasa yang
paling primer adalah bunyi. Bunyi adalah Getaran udara yang masuk ke telinga
sehingga menimbulkan suara.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN">Bunyi
bahasa adalah bunyi yang dibentuk oleh tiga faktor, yaitu pernafasan (sebagai
sumber tenaga), alat ucap (yang menimbulkan getaran), dan rongga pengubah
getaran (pita suara). Fonologi dibedakan menjadi, fonetik dan fonemik. Didalam
fonologi terdapat istilah fonem, fon, dan alofon. Fonem adalah satuan bunyi
terkecil yang masih abstrak atau yang tidak diartikulasikan. Fonem merupakan
aspek bahasa pada aspek <em>langue (istilah de Sausure)</em>, misalnya /t/.
/d/, /c/. Fon adalah realisasi dari fonem (<em>parole</em>), atau bunyi yang
diartikulasikan (diucapkan) misalnya {lari}. Alofon adalah perbedaan bunyi yang
tidak menimbulkan perbedaan makna, misalnya /i/ dan /I/ dalam
/menangIs/. <span class="longtext">Hasil dari penelitian tersebut merumuskan
bahwa ada pengaruh yang relevan antara tingkat kesulitan similariti fonologi
terhadap pemahaman bahasa. Jadi, H<sub>0 </sub>ditolak. Dan H<sub>1 </sub>diterima.</span></span></div>
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</span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><span lang="IN"><span class="longtext">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
eksperimen yang telah kami lakukan, ditemukan bahwa tingkat pemahaman bahasa
dipengaruhi oleh kesulitan fonologi. Yaitu kesulitan menangkap makna dibalik
kesamaan bunyi yang peneliti sampaikan. Seperti pada saat responden
diperdengarkan kalimat “</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maria berlari dari kejaran kerajaan Parigi ke Utara mencari
buah beri dan ceri sampai matahari tak terlihat lagi”. Rata-rata responden tidak
mengingat dengan jelas apa yang didengar sehingga mereka menjawab dengan
kalimat serupa yang sepadan makna dan sepadan pada bunyi kalimatnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan pada soal eksperimen
kedua, saat respponden diperdengarkan kalimat “Semut di dapur, Jeli diatas meja,
Jeli tersebut manis, Semut memakan jeli”. Kesulitan pada responden juga
terlihat dalam eksperimen kedua. Pasalnya, para responden dapat menangkap makna
dari kalimatnya, namun tidak dapat menuliskan kembali secara rinci kata-perkata
dalam kalimat tersebut.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa,
stimulus auditory yang diterima tidak serta merta diproses oleh working memori secara
keseluruhan. Tetapi Short Term memory bekerja mengingat beberapa kata yang
dikira sangat bermakna dalam sebuah kalimat tersebut.karena tingkat kesulitan
kalimat tersebut.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Khoirotul Awwaliyah</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">NIM <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 108070000165</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Semester <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: 3D</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Hal <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: 100-104</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">e-Book : *)lupa, tapi nanti saya cantumkan </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Karya paling terkenal dari Al- Farabi, berjudul </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">the Opinions of the Inhabitants of
the Virtuous City</span></i><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> (al- Madinah al- Fad˙ilah),
yang akan dijelaskan dalam bab berikutnya.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<span class="longtext"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Adapun keadilan menurut Al- Farabi , seperti
Aristoteles , dibedakan dalam berbagai makna. keadilan ( 'adl ) yang pertama adalah
pemerataan hal-hal umum dan kehormatan , yang terdiri dari keamanan , properti
dan sosial. Pemerataan hal-hal tersebut atau kehormatan seharusnya proporsional
dengan manfaat penerima. Jika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih atau
cacat, maka berhenti menjadi keadilan dan berubah menjadi kebalikannya atau
injustice. Arti lain dari 'keadilan' , yang terdiri dalam manfaat kebajikan
bagi manusia dalam kaitannya dengan orang lain, tidak peduli apa kebajikan yang
terlibat. Arti keadilan menurut Aristoteles mengacu pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Nicomachean Ethics</i> sebagai makna yang lengkap pada keadilan, atau
fakta bahwa Ia yang memilikinya bisa latihan kebajikannya, tidak hanya untuk
dirinya sendiri, tetapi terhadap tetangganya juga. Sifat dari keadilan itu
sendiri merupakan kebajikan politik, yang mengatur hubungan warga satu sama
lain dan bentuk inti dari Republik Plato , akan dibahas dalam bab berikutnya .</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">8</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: #231f20; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">POLITICAL THEORY</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">TEORI</span></b></span><span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></b></span><span class="hps"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">POLITIK</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Prinsip-prinsip dasar politik Al-Farabi seperti yang
telah disebutkan, kedudukan penting dari al- Farabi dalam sejarah filsafat
Islam adalah tiga: sebagai ahli logika, metafisika dan filsuf politik. Dalam
hal ini , hampir tidak ada yang menyamakan kemampuannya. Bahkan filsuf yang
menulis pada teori politik , seperti Ibn Bajjah (w. 1138) dan Averroes ( w.
1198), benar-benar berhutang budi kepadanya. Setelah meletakkan dasar metafisik
dan kosmologis Neoplatonisme, Al - Farabi membahas prinsip-prinsip politik</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">
<span class="longtext">berserikat dalam Virtuous City dan Polity Sipil. Dalam dua
risalah, ia memulai dari premis bahwa manusia tidak dapat mencapai kesempurnaan
mereka ditakdirkan untuk mencapai, di luar kerangka asosiasi politik. Sebab,
mereka yang selalu membutuhkan bantuan dari rekan-rekan mereka dalam penyediaan
kebutuhan dasar mereka dan kelangsungan hidup mereka. Dengan demikian muncul
tiga jenis Asosiasi : </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Besar,
diidentikkan dengan dunia pada umumnya (ma'murah,</span></span><span class="longtext">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">oikiomene)<span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"> -<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Tengah,
yang diidentifikasi dengan bangsa (umat). </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kecil,
dikenal dengan kota-negara (Madinah, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">polis</i>).
</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Terhadap
ketiga bentuk dari asosiasi politik kemudian ditetapkan tiga tidak sempurna</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<span class="longtext">bentuk besar , menengah dan small.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Sekarang, asosiasi politik dapat diarahkan pada
pencapaian kebahagiaan sejati. Disisi sebaliknya hal ini menuju tujuan
tertentu, seperti kesenangan atau akuisisi kekayaan. Dengan demikian timbul
kota saleh dan asosiasi saleh yang sesuai, seperti terhadap kota-kota non-bajik
dan asosiasi non-bajik yang sesuai. Di mana penderitaan, ketidaktahuan dan
kebejatan (fisq).</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The Virtous City kemudian diistilahkan oleh Al-Farabi
untuk tubuh yang sehat yang organ bekerja sama dalam memastikan kesehatan hewan,
serta yang kelangsungan hidup. Seperti tubuh, organ yang berbeda dalam
peringkat atau fungsi. Bagian-bagian kota berbeda dalam pangkat dan fungsinya
juga. Oleh karena itu, seperti yang kita temukan pada organ utama,y aitu
jantung, subserved oleh organ lainnya yang lebih rendah. Kita menemukan pada
pemimpin manusia (Ra'is), dilayani oleh bawahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang melaksanakan perintahnya. Pada gilirannya dilayani oleh lainnya bawahan
sampai kita mencapai kategori terendah bawahan yang tidak dilayani oleh siapa
pun. Perbedaan mendasar antara organ tubuh dan bagian kota , Al- Farabi
menjelaskan, adalah bahwa tindakan alami yang terakhir merupakan tindakan
sukarela. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Master
Organ Dan Penguasa Master (Ra'i ¯ S)</span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Al-Farabi melanjutkan sebelah ciri penguasa utama
kota, yang sesuai dengan hati, atau menguasai organ tubuh , sebagai tertinggi manajer
urusan kota , atau kepalanya. Penguasa ini dapat dibandingkan dengan Penyebab
Pertama, yang memimpin material entitas , di bawah yang berbohong benda-benda
langit, diikuti oleh entitas material. Semua entitas rendah mengikuti dan
meniru tinggi, yang berpuncak pada tertinggi, yang merupakan Penyebab Pertama. Dua
kualifikasi penting dari penguasa utama adalah alami</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<span class="longtext">disposisi atau bakat untuk aturan, ditambah dengan sifat
sukarela atau kebiasaan</span><br />
<span class="longtext">cocok untuk tujuan itu. Seperti Penyebab Pertama, penguasa
kepala kota utama ini kemudian ditandai sebagai salah satu yang memiliki
intelektual penuh kesempurnaan, baik sebagai subyek dan obyek pemikiran ('a ¯
qil , ma'qu ¯ l ) . Selain itu, dia adalah salah satu di antaranya fakultas
imajinatif telah mencapai nada tertinggi, dimana ia mampu menerima dari Intelek
Aktif pengetahuan khusus , baik dalam diri sendiri atau kemiripan mereka, serta
bahwa bentuk dimengerti. Pada saat itu, penguasa mampu mencapai kondisi dikenal
sebagai kecerdasan yang diperolehan (‘aql mustafad), yang merupakan tertinggi. Tahap
intelektual dicapai oleh manusia. Kondisi ini diberi label oleh Al-Farabi
kedekatan (muqarabah) ke Intelek Aktif, 3 disebut di tempat lain hubungannya (ittisal).
Jika kondisi ini intelektual siam ke fakultas imajinatif, pembawa yang menjadi
penerima wahyu dari Allah, yang mentransmisikan Nya pesan kepadanya melalui
perantara Intelek Aktif, pertama sebagai dimengerti dan kemudian sebagai bentuk
imajinatif . Dengan demikian , ia menjadi berdasarkan apa yang intelek pasif
nya menerima seorang filsuf yang sempurna , sage (hakim) atau rasional manusia
(muta'aqqil), dan berdasarkan apa yang imajinatif</span><br />
<span class="longtext">fakultas menerima seorang nabi, yang dipanggil untuk
memperingatkan tentang masa depan peristiwa atau menginformasikan tentang masa
kini particulars. Di antaranya kondisi orang ini terpenuhi. Al-Farabi menyimpulkan,
layak kantor Kepala penguasa, karena ia mampu, lebih baik dari orang lain,
untuk mengidentifikasi setiap tindakan kondusif untuk kebahagiaan dan panduan
lain untuk kebahagiaan dan benar tindakan yang mengarah pada hal itu. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="longtext"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kualifikasi Kepala Penguasa
(Ra'is) </span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Al-Farabi kemudian melanjutkan untuk daftar
kualifikasi atau atribut kepala penguasa dalam cara yang agak utopis . Penguasa
seperti itu, yang tidak tunduk pada setiap orang yang lebih tinggi, ia
menegaskan, harus dianggap sebagai Imam atau kepala kedua kota saleh dan dunia
pada umumnya (al-ma'murah). Di sini al-Farabi tampaknya memikirkan Sunni
khalifah yang memerintah seluruh Dunia Islam atau Darussalam (Dar al-Salam) meskipun
di saat penggunaan, istilah <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Imam
biasanya disediakan untuk spiritual dan politik kepala komunitas Syiah. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Pertama,
kepala penguasa harus memiliki suara tubuh dan anggota tubuh, sehingga menjadi mampu
melakukan setiap fungsi ia memilih dengan fasilitas yang besar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kedua,
dia harus mampu memahami baik dan memegang apa pun yang dia mengatakan , sesuai
dengan maksud si pembicara .</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketiga ,
ia harus diberkahi dengan kekuatan yang baik dari retensi apa yang dia mengerti
melalui melihat, mendengar atau merasakan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Keempat
, ia harus cerdas dan cerdik , sehingga untuk memahami mengimpor bukti apapun
karena diberikan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kelima ,
ia harus fasih lidahnya dalam mengartikulasikan sepenuhnya apapun yang dia
ingin mengekspresikan. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Keenam ,
ia harus cinta terhadap <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembelajaran,
sepenuhnya reseptif instruksi, tidak terhalang oleh petugas nyeri di atasnya
atau tenaga itu panggilan untuk.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Ketujuh,
ia harus menahan diri dari pelahap dalam berbagai hal makanan, minuman atau wanita,
membenci merusak alam dan menjauhkan diri dari kesenangan itu.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kedelapan,
ia harus menjadi seorang pecinta kebenaran dan pembenci</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<span class="longtext">kebohongan dan pakarnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesembilan,
ia harus murah hati dan menghormati. Dan membenci siapapun yang tidak melakukan
itu. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesepuluh,
ia harus tidak lebih mementingkan uang dan barang yang hanya sekilas di dunia. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Kesebelas,
ia harus menjadi pencinta keadilan dan pembenci ketidakadilan, adil dalam
berurusan dengan kaum tertindas dan cepat untuk meresponmenuntut ganti rugi.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Keduabelas,
ia harus bersikap tegas dalam melakukan apa yang dianggap benar,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><br />
<span class="longtext">berani dan brave. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Al-Farabi, yang tidak diragukan lagi diadopsi,
sebagai model Virtuous City, Republik Plato. Telah mengikuti langkahnya dalam
menggambarkan penguasa kepala, tetapi telah menginvestasikan dia dengan
kualitas kenabian di samping Plato sifat filosofis. Suatu perbandingan dari dua
daftar yang diberikan di Republik dan yang Virtuous City akan mengungkapkan
ukuran persetujuan atau ketidaksetujuan dari dua filsuf. Untuk memulai, Plato
menegaskan bahwa filsuf-raja harus memiliki gairah konstan untuk setiap
pengetahuan yang akan diungkapkan kepadanya, sesuatu bahwa realitas yang kekal
selamanya. yang ia jelas berarti World of Ideas , sesuai dengan dunia dimengerti
Al-Farabi itu. (ini kualitas sesuai untuk sebagian besar al- Farabi dalam 6
Quality atau sifat)</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-32102304135436762432015-12-22T19:17:00.001-08:002015-12-22T19:17:38.609-08:00Resolution of the personality paradox<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">If
stable if … then … , situation – behavior patterns are meaningful reflections
of the personality, they also should be linked to the person’s self-perceptions
about his or her own consistency. The relationship between the stability of the
person-situation profile that characterizes an individual in a particular
domain of behavior and the self-perception of consistency has been closely
examined. The results directly speak to Bem’s classic “Personality paradox”
which, as you saw earlier, has motivated much of the research agenda in studies
at the trait level. As bem pointed out in the 1970s, while our intuitions
convince us that people have broad behavioral dispositions that we believe are
seen in extensive consistency in behaviors across situations, the research
results on cross-situational consistency in their behavior persistently
contradict our intuitions. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a>Recall that to resolve this dilemma, and prove our
intuitions are better than our research, Bem and Allen noted that traditional
methodologies assume that all traits belong to all persons. But if a given
trait is in fact irrelevant for some people, their inconsistency with regard to
it will obscure the consistency of the subset of people for whom the trait is
relevant. Therefore, Bem and Allen reasoned that a solution to the consistency
problem requires first selecting only toast persons who perceive themselves as
consistent in the given disposition. We then solve except to find high
cross-situational consistency in their behavior in that domain, but not in the
behavior of those who see themselves as inconsistent with regard to it, or to
whom it is irrelevant.<br />
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Initially, Bem and Allen (1974) obtained some
encouraging support for this prediction. A few years later, in a more
comprehensive test in a large field study at a college in the Midwest of the
united states, researchers observed behavior relevant to “College Conscientiousness”
and friendliness as it occurred over multiple situation and occasions (Mischel
& Peake, 1982). Each of the 63 participating college students was observed
repeatedly in various situation on campus relevant to their conscientiousness
in the college setting. The specific behavior and contexts selected as relevant
were supplied by undergraduates themselves in pretesting at the college.
Conscientiousness was sampled in various situations such as in the classroom,
in the dormitory, in the library, and the assessments occurred over repeated
occasions in the course of the semester. </span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">These
data were used to examine the links between the students’ self-perceptions of
consistency and their actual behavior. As the first set of two columns of
figure 4.3 shows, those who perceived themselves as consistent (The first light
column) did not show greater overall cross-situational consistency than those
who did not. In contrast, the second set of columns clearly supports the
hypothesis of coherence in terms of pattern stability: For individuals who
perceived themselves as consistent, the average <i>If … then …, </i>Situation-behavior
signature stability correlation was near 5, where as it was trivial for those
who saw themselves as inconsistent. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">In
short, the self-perception of consistency seems to be predictable from the
stability in the situation-behavior signatures. That in turn, indicates that
the intuition of consistency is neither paradoxical nor illusory: it is linked
to behavioral consistency, but not the sort for which the field was searching
for so many years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">*Translate ----></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span class="hps">stabil</span> <span class="hps">jika</span> <span class="hps">...</span> <span class="hps">maka</span> <span class="hps">...</span>, <span class="hps">situation -</span> <span class="hps">pola perilaku</span> <span class="hps">merupakan refleksi</span> <span class="hps">dari kepribadian</span> <span class="hps">bermakna</span>, <span class="hps">mereka juga</span> <span class="hps">harus
dikaitkan ke</span><span class="atn">-</span>persepsi <span class="hps">diri</span>
<span class="hps">seseorang</span> <span class="hps">tentang konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">sendiri</span>. <span class="hps">Hubungan antara</span> <span class="hps">stabilitas</span> <span class="hps">profil</span> <span class="hps">orang</span><span class="atn">-</span>situasi <span class="hps">yang menjadi ciri khas</span> <span class="hps">seorang individu</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span> <span class="hps">domain
tertentu</span> <span class="hps">perilaku</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">persepsi diri</span> <span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">telah</span> <span class="hps">diteliti dengan seksama</span>. <span class="hps">Hasil</span> <span class="hps">langsung</span> <span class="hps">berbicara
kepada</span> <span class="hps">Bem</span> <span class="hps">klasik</span> <span class="hps">"</span>Kepribadian <span class="hps">paradoks</span>"
yang, <span class="hps">seperti yang Anda</span> <span class="hps">lihat sebelumnya</span>,
<span class="hps">telah memotivasi</span> <span class="hps">banyak</span> <span class="hps">agenda penelitian</span> <span class="hps">dalam studi</span> <span class="hps">di tingkat</span> <span class="hps">sifat</span>. <span class="hps">Sebagai</span>
<span class="hps">bem</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan</span> <span class="hps">pada
1970-an</span>, sementara <span class="hps">intuisi kita</span> <span class="hps">meyakinkan
kita bahwa</span> <span class="hps">orang memiliki</span> <span class="hps">kecenderungan
perilaku</span> <span class="hps">yang luas</span> <span class="hps">yang kami
percaya</span> <span class="hps">terlihat</span> <span class="hps">dalam
konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">luas</span> <span class="hps">dalam perilaku</span>
<span class="hps">menemukan situasi</span>, <span class="hps">hasil</span> <span class="hps">penelitian tentang</span> <span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">lintas</span> <span class="hps">situasional</span> <span class="hps">dalam
perilaku mereka</span> <span class="hps">terus-menerus</span> <span class="hps">bertentangan</span>
<span class="hps">intuisi kita</span>. <span class="hps">Ingat bahwa</span> <span class="hps">untuk mengatasi</span> <span class="hps">dilema ini</span>, <span class="hps">dan membuktikan</span> <span class="hps">intuisi kita</span> <span class="hps">lebih baik dari</span> <span class="hps">penelitian kami</span>, <span class="hps">Bem</span> <span class="hps">dan Allen</span> <span class="hps">mencatat
bahwa</span> <span class="hps">metodologi tradisional</span> <span class="hps">berasumsi
bahwa</span> <span class="hps">semua ciri</span> <span class="hps">milik semua</span>
<span class="hps">orang</span>. <span class="hps">Tetapi jika</span> <span class="hps">suatu sifat</span> <span class="hps">yang diberikan</span> <span class="hps">sebenarnya</span> <span class="hps">tidak relevan</span> <span class="hps">bagi sebagian orang</span>, <span class="hps">inkonsistensi</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span> <span class="hps">berkaitan dengan</span> <span class="hps">itu</span> <span class="hps">akan</span> <span class="hps">mengaburkan</span>
<span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">subset dari</span> <span class="hps">orang untuk siapa</span> <span class="hps">sifat</span> <span class="hps">yang relevan</span>. <span class="hps">Oleh karena itu</span>, <span class="hps">Bem</span> <span class="hps">dan Allen</span> <span class="hps">beralasan
bahwa</span> <span class="hps">solusi</span> <span class="hps">untuk masalah</span>
<span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">membutuhkan</span> <span class="hps">pertama</span> <span class="hps">memilih hanya</span> <span class="hps">orang-orang</span>
<span class="hps">roti</span> <span class="hps">yang merasa dirinya</span> <span class="hps">sebagai</span> <span class="hps">konsisten</span> <span class="hps">dalam
disposisi</span> <span class="hps">yang diberikan</span>. <span class="hps">Kami</span>
<span class="hps">kemudian memecahkan</span> <span class="hps">kecuali</span> <span class="hps">untuk menemukan</span> <span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">tinggi</span> <span class="hps">lintas</span> <span class="hps">situasional</span>
<span class="hps">dalam perilaku mereka</span> <span class="hps">dalam domain
tersebut</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi tidak</span> <span class="hps">dalam
perilaku</span> <span class="hps">orang-orang yang</span> <span class="hps">melihat
diri mereka sebagai</span> <span class="hps">tidak konsisten</span> <span class="hps">berkaitan dengan</span> <span class="hps">itu</span>, <span class="hps">atau</span>
<span class="hps">kepada siapa</span> <span class="hps">tidak relevan</span>.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Awalnya,</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span class="hps">Bem</span> <span class="hps">dan
Allen</span> <span class="hps">(</span>1974) <span class="hps">memperoleh</span> <span class="hps">beberapa dukungan</span> <span class="hps">menggembirakan</span> <span class="hps">untuk prediksi</span> <span class="hps">ini</span>. <span class="hps">Beberapa
tahun</span> <span class="hps">belakangan</span>, <span class="hps">dalam tes</span>
<span class="hps">lebih komprehensif</span> <span class="hps">dalam studi</span> <span class="hps">lapangan besar</span> <span class="hps">di sebuah perguruan tinggi</span>
<span class="hps">di Midwest</span> <span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">negara
bersatu</span>, <span class="hps">peneliti</span> <span class="hps">mengamati
perilaku</span> <span class="hps">relevan dengan</span> <span class="hps">"</span>Universitas
<span class="hps">Kesadaran</span>" <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">keramahan</span> <span class="hps">seperti itu</span> <span class="hps">terjadi</span>
<span class="hps">atas beberapa</span> <span class="hps">situasi</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">kesempatan (</span>Mischel <span class="hps">&</span> <span class="hps">Peake</span>, <span class="hps">1982</span>).
<span class="hps">Masing-masing dari</span> <span class="hps">63</span> <span class="hps">peserta</span> <span class="hps">mahasiswa</span> <span class="hps">diamati</span>
<span class="hps">berulang kali</span> <span class="hps">dalam berbagai</span> <span class="hps">situasi</span> <span class="hps">di kampus</span> <span class="hps">yang
relevan dengan</span> <span class="hps">kesadaran</span> <span class="hps">mereka</span>
<span class="hps">dalam pengaturan</span> <span class="hps">perguruan tinggi.</span>
<span class="hps">Perilaku</span> <span class="hps">tertentu dan</span> <span class="hps">konteks</span> <span class="hps">terpilih sebagai</span> <span class="hps">relevan</span> <span class="hps">disediakan oleh</span> <span class="hps">mahasiswa</span> <span class="hps">sendiri</span> <span class="hps">dalam</span>
<span class="hps">pra-tes</span> <span class="hps">di kampus</span>. <span class="hps">Kesadaran</span> <span class="hps">adalah sampel</span> <span class="hps">dalam berbagai situasi</span> <span class="hps">seperti</span> <span class="hps">di kelas</span>, <span class="hps">di asrama</span>, <span class="hps">di
perpustakaan</span>, <span class="hps">dan penilaian</span> <span class="hps">terjadi
selama</span> <span class="hps">acara-acara</span> <span class="hps">berulang</span>
<span class="hps">selama</span> <span class="hps">semester</span>.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Data ini</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span class="hps">digunakan untuk menguji</span> <span class="hps">hubungan antara</span> <span class="hps">diri siswa</span><span class="atn">-</span>persepsi <span class="hps">konsistensi dan</span> <span class="hps">perilaku mereka yang sebenarnya</span>. <span class="hps">Sebagai</span>
<span class="hps">set pertama</span> <span class="hps">dua kolom</span> <span class="hps">gambar 4.3</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan</span>, <span class="hps">mereka yang dianggap</span> <span class="hps">diri mereka sebagai</span>
<span class="hps">konsisten (</span>Kolom <span class="hps">cahaya pertama</span>) <span class="hps">tidak</span> <span class="hps">menunjukkan konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">lintas</span> <span class="hps">situasional</span> <span class="hps">yang
lebih besar</span> <span class="hps">secara keseluruhan daripada</span> <span class="hps">mereka yang tidak</span>. <span class="hps">Sebaliknya,</span> <span class="hps">set kedua</span> <span class="hps">kolom</span> <span class="hps">jelas
mendukung</span> <span class="hps">hipotesis</span> <span class="hps">koherensi</span>
<span class="hps">dalam hal stabilitas</span> <span class="hps">pola</span>: <span class="hps">Bagi individu yang</span> <span class="hps">dianggap</span> <span class="hps">diri mereka sebagai</span> <span class="hps">konsisten,</span> <span class="hps">rata-rata</span> <span class="hps">Jika</span> <span class="hps">...</span>
<span class="hps">maka</span> <span class="hps">...</span>, <span class="hps">Situasi</span><span class="atn">-</span>perilaku <span class="hps">tanda tangan</span> <span class="hps">korelasi</span>
<span class="hps">stabilitas</span> <span class="hps">sudah dekat</span> <span class="hps">5</span>, <span class="hps">di mana</span> <span class="hps">seperti itu</span>
<span class="hps">sepele</span> <span class="hps">bagi mereka yang</span> <span class="hps">melihat diri mereka sebagai</span> <span class="hps">tidak konsisten</span>.<br />
<span class="hps">Singkatnya</span>, <span class="hps">persepsi diri</span> <span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">tampaknya</span> <span class="hps">diprediksi</span>
<span class="hps">dari</span> <span class="hps">stabilitas di</span> <span class="hps">signature</span> <span class="hps">situasi</span><span class="atn">-</span>perilaku.
<span class="hps">Yang pada gilirannya</span>, <span class="hps">menunjukkan bahwa</span>
<span class="hps">intuisi</span> <span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">bukanlah</span> <span class="hps">paradoks</span> <span class="hps">atau</span>
<span class="hps">ilusi</span>: <span class="hps">hal ini terkait dengan</span> <span class="hps">konsistensi</span> <span class="hps">perilaku</span>, <span class="hps">tetapi</span>
<span class="hps">bukan jenis</span> <span class="hps">yang</span> <span class="hps">lapangan</span>
<span class="hps">sedang mencari</span> <span class="hps">selama bertahun-tahun</span>.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Tulisan ini disajikan dalam mata kuliah Psikologi Kepribadian 2 semester 4 2013</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">*Maaf lupa tidak mencatat sumber referensinya.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Sejarah membuktikan
bahwa perkembangan filsafat di dunia Islam terinspirasi dari pemikiran para
filosof Yunani yang telah mendominasi ranah intelektual manusia jauh sebelum
agama Islam diturunkan. Secara umum, pemikiran para filosof muslim merupakan
sintesa sistematis antara ajaran-ajaran Islam, Aristotelianisme, dan
Neo-Platonisme baik yang berkembang di Athena maupun di Alexandria (Nashr,
1964:411). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Sintesa yang dilakukan
pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengharmoniskan hubungan antara filsafat dengan
ajaran Islam. Upaya untuk mengharmoniskan hubungan filsafat dengan
agama diawali oleh al-Kindî. Menurutnya, filsafat adalah pengetahuan yang benar
(<i>knowlwdge of truth</i>) dan agama juga diwahyukan untuk menyampaikan
kebenaran. Oleh karena filsafat dan agama menjadikan kebenaran sebagai tujuan,
maka keduanya tidak mungkin bertentangan antara satu dengan lainnya.
Harmonisasi antara filsafat dan agama selanjutnya diteruskan oleh
al-Farâbî dan Ibn Sînâ. Keduanya cenderung mengikuti aliran
Neo-Platonisme yang banyak diminati pada waktu itu. Pemikiran Neo-Platonisme
yang mewarnai pemikiran kedua filosof ini adalah mengenai teori
emanasi. Filsafat emanasi yang dikembangkan oleh kedua filosof muslim
tersebut memberikan dampak yang cukup luas di kalangan filosof muslim yang
muncul kemudian. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Usaha untuk mencari
relasi filsafat dengan agama ternyata tidak hanya didominasi oleh Ibn Farabî dan
para pengikutnya. Tetapi, usaha tersebut juga dirintis oleh para filosof lain
dengan metode dan pendekatan yang berbeda. Salah satu di antara para filosof
itu adalah Suhrawardî. Ia memperkenalkan filsafat iluminasi (<i>al-isyrâqiya<u>t</u></i>)
yang bersumber dari hasil dialog spritual dan intelektual dengan
tradisi-tradisi dan agama-agama lain. Suhrawardî memperkenalkan diri sebagai
penyatu kembali apa yang disebutnya sebagai <i><u>h</u>ikma<u>t</u>
al-ladûnniya<u>t</u></i> (kebijaksanaan ilahi) dan <i>al-<u>h</u>ikma<u>t</u>
al-’âtiqa<u>t</u></i> (kebijaksanaan kuno). Ia yakin bahwa kebijaksanaan ini
adalah perenial (abadi) dan universal yang terdapat dalam berbagai bentuk di
antara orang-orang Hindu, Persia, Babilonia, Mesir Kuno dan orang-orang Yunani
sampai masa Aristoteles (al-Taftazânî, 1983:195). </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">BIOGRAFI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Nama lengkapnya, Syaikh Syihab al-Din
Abu al-Futuh Yahya ibn Habasy ibn Amirak al-Suhrawardi, ia dilahirkan di Kota
Suhraward, Iran Barat Laut, pada tahun 548 H/1153 M. ia dikenal dengan Syaikh
al-Isyraq atau Master of Illuminasionist (bapak pencerahan), <i>Al-Hakim</i>
(Orang yang Bijak), <i>Al-Syahid</i> (sang Martir). Dan <i>al-Maqtul </i>(yang
terbunuh).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Ia belajar di Maragha (kelak menjadi
lokasi aktivitas astronomi al-Thusi), dan juga di Isfahan, belajar Filsafat
kepada Majid Kili. Kemudian, ia pergi ke Isfahan untuk memperdalam kajian
filsafat kepada Fakhr al-Din al-Mardini (w. 594/1198). Setelah itu belajar
kepada Zhahir al-Din al-Qari al-Farsi mengkaji kitab <i>al-Bashair
al-Nashiriyah</i> karangan Umar Ibn Sahlan al-Sawi, yang juga dikenal sebagai
komentator <i>Risalah al-Thair</i> karangan Ibnu Sina. Dalam pengembaraannya,
Suhrawardi banyak bergaul dengan kalangan Sufi dan menjalani kehidupan Zahid
(menjauhi dunia), sambil memperdalam ajaran-ajaran Tasawuf.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Pada akhirnya ia menetap di Aleppo
atas undangan Pangeran Al-Malik al-Zahir, seorang putera Sultan Shalah al-Din
yang tertarik dengan pikiran-pikiran Suhrawardi yang membangun perspektif
filosofis besar kedua dalam islam, yakni aliran <i>illuminasionis</i> yang menjadi
tandingan aliran <i>peripatetic</i> yang telah mendahuluinya. Keberhasilan
Suhrawardi melahirkan aliran illuminasionis ini berkat penguasaannya yang
mendalam tentang filsafat dan tasawuf di tambah dengan kecerdasannya yang
tinggi, terbukti ia dikalangan teman seangkatannya dikenal sebagai pemikir di
dunia islam yang “tak tertandingi” di kala itu. Namun kepiawaiannya
mengeluarkan pernyataan doktrin esoteris yang tandas, dan kritikan tajam
terhadap ahli-ahli Fiqh menimbulkan reaksi keras yang dimotori oleh Abu Barakat
al-Baghdadi yang anti-Aristotelian. Akhirnya pada tahun 587 H/1191 M atas
desakan Fuqaha kepada Pangeran Malik al-Zahir Syah (putra dari Sultan
Shalahuddin al-Ayyubi al-Kurdi) Suhrawardi diseret ke penjara, dan
menghantarkan kematiannya di usia 38 tahun.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">KARYA-KARYANYA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Suhrawardi
telah menulis tidak kurang dari 50 karya Filsafat dan gnostik dalam bahasa Arab
dan Parsia. Seyyed Hossein Nasr mengelompokkan karya-karya Suhrawardi kedalam
lima bagian, yaitu :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Berisi
pengajaran dan kaedah teosofi yang merupakan penafsiran dan modifikasi terhadap
filsafat peripatetic. Ada empat buku tentang hal ini yang ditulis dalam bahasa
Arab, yaitu;</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Talwihat
(The book of Intimations)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Muqawamat
(The Book of Oppositions)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Muthaharat
(The Book of Conservations)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Hikmat
al-Isyraq (The Theosophy of the Orient of Light)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Karangan
pendek tentang filsafat, ditulis dalam bahasa Arab dan Persia dengan gaya
bahasa yang disederhanakan, yaitu;</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Hayakil
an-Nur (The Temples of Light)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Al-Alwah
al-‘Imadiyah (Tablets Dedicated to ‘Imaduddin)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Yazdan
Syinakht (The Knowledge of God)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Fi
I’tiqadad al-HUkama’ (Symbol of Faith of the Philosophers)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Al-Lamahat
(The Flashes of Light)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Bustan
al-Qulub (The Garden of the Heart)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Partaw-namah
(Treatis on Illumination)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Karangan
pendek yang bermuatan dan berlambang mistis, pada umumnya ditulis dalam bahasa
Persia, meliputi;</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">’Aqli<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Surkh (The Red Archangel atau Literally
Intellect)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Awaz-I
Par-I Jibra’il (The Chant of the Wing of Gabriel)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Al-Ghurbat
al-Gharbiyah (The Occidental Exile)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Lughta-I
Muran (The Language of Termites)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Risalah
fi Halat al-Thifuliyah (Treatise on the State of Childhood)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Ruzi
baJama’at-I Shufiyan (A Day with the Community of Sufi)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Risalah
fi al-Mi’raj (Treatise on the Noctural Journey)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Syafir-I
Simurgh (The Song of the Griffin)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Komentar dan terjemahan dari filsafat terdahulu dan
ajaran-ajaran keagamaan, seperti;</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Risalah
at-Thair (The Treatise of the Birds) </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Komentar terhadap kitab <i>Isyarat </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karya Ibnu Sina</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tulisan dalam <i>Risalah fi Haqiqat al-’Isyqi </i></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sejumlah tafsir al-Qur’an dan Hadits Nabi</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Do’a-do’a yang lebih dikenal dengan <i>al-Waridat wa
al-Taqdisat</i> (Doa dan Penyucian)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">FILSAFATNYA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Sikap kompromistik
Suhrawardî terhadap agama-agama lain menimbulkan kritik keras di kalangan
pemikir muslim. Bahkan sebagian di antaranya menuduh bahwa Suhrawardî anti
Islam. Penilaian semacam ini tentu saja salah kaprah. Di mata Suhrawardî,
agama-agama lain bukanlah musuh yang harus dijauhi atau dilawan, tetapi adalah
teman yang harus didekati untuk diajak berdialog. Agama-agama lain itu tidak
merusak dan menyimpangkan Islam. Tetapi sebaliknya, agama-agama lain itu dapat
memperkaya pemahaman tentang Islam. Di sinilah terletak universalitas Islam
karena Islam sangat luas dan mencakup agama-agama lain dalam pengertian
ajaran-ajaran esoteriknya. Kebijaksanaan perenial dalam agama-agama lain
adalah kebijaksanaan perenial dalam Islam. Oleh karena itu, Islam dapat
melakukan dialog yang sejati dengan agama-agama lain tanpa kehilangan identitas
dirinya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Di
samping berhasil melakukan dialog dengan berbagai agama, Suhrawardî pun
berhasil mengadakan dialog dengan berbagai pemikiran filsafat, khususnya
filsafat peripatetik<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="BM0_1__ednref3"></a> yang banyak diikuti oleh para
filosof muslim. Model dialog yang dirancang Suhrawardî adalah berupa kritik
sistemik terhadap sejumlah pemikiran filsafat peripatetik (Nashr, 1968:329). </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Sejalan
dengan proses pemikiran Suhrawardî menuju kematangannya, ia pada mulanya
menulis karya-karyanya yang masih bercorak peripatetis yang bertumpu kuat pada
metode diskursif. Suhrawardî menegaskan bahwa karya yang bercorak
peripatetis mesti dikuasai lebih dahulu sebelum mempelajari teosofinya
(Suhrawardî, 1372:10). Dengan instruksi semacam itu, Suhrawardî seakan
merentangkan jalan tahap demi tahap bagi pembaca karya-karyanya untuk sampai
pada puncak karyanya <i><u>H</u>ikma<u>t</u> al-Isyrâq (The Wisdom of
Illumination)</i>. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Melihat
struktur pemikiran yang tertuang dalam tulisan-tulisannya, Suhrawardî
sebenarnya sudah memiliki bangunan pemikiran filosofis yang direncanakan secara
matang. Ia menempatkan <i><u>H</u>ikma<u>t</u> al-Isyrâq </i>sebagai <i>magnum
opus</i>-nya karena hampir semua karya sebelumnya ditujukan untuk mendukung
substansi <i><u>H</u>ikma<u>t</u> al-Isyrâq.</i> Sehingga peminat Suhrawardî
dapat dengan mudah merujuk pada karya-karya sebelumnya bila ingin mengetahui
pemikirannya secara mendetail. Artinya, dengan mengkaji <i><u>H</u>ikma<u>t</u>
al-Isyrâq</i> seseorang dapat mengetahui pemikiran menyeluruh mazhab Suhrawardî
(Rayyan, 1966:66-67).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Suhrawardi menggunakan
istilah-istilah atau lambang yang berbeda dari kebanyakan orang-orang pahami,
seperti <i>Barzah, </i>tidak berkaitan dengan persoalan kematian. Akan tetapi
istilah ini adalah ungkapan pemisah antara dunia cahaya dengan dunia kegelapan.
<i>Timur (Masyriq) </i>dan <i>Barat (Maghrib), </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga tidak berhubungan dengan letak geografis,
tetapi berlandaskan pada penglihatan horozontal yang memanjang dari <i>Timur</i>
ke <i>Barat</i>. Jadi, makna <i>Timur </i>diartikan sebagai Dunia Cahaya atau
Dunia Malaikat yang bebas dari kegelapan dan materi duniawi, sedangkan <i>Barat</i>
adalah Dunia kegelapan atau materi duniawi<i>Barat tengah</i> adalah
langit-langit yang menampakkan pembauran antara cahaya dengan sedikit
kegelapan. <i>Timur </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang sebenarnya
ialah apa yang ada dibalik langit yang terlihat dan yang di atasnya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Uraian
yang dipaparkan di atas menunjukkan beberapa kelebihan Suhrawardî
dibandingkan dengan para filosof teosofi muslim lainnya. Harmonisasi filsafat
lintas agama dan lintas aliran pemikiran yang dipeloporinya menunjukkan sikap
objektif dan bebas nilai yang patut dicontoh oleh setiap pemikir. Meskipun
sarat dengan kritikan dan hujatan, pemikiran Suhrawardî tetap perlu untuk
dikontekstualisasikan terutama untuk menyejukkan suasana keberagamaan manusia
di alam modern saat ini. Di samping itu, rekonstruksi terhadap pemikiran Suhrawardî dapat
dijadikan sebagai sarana untuk memperkuat bangunan pemikiran metafisika
filsafat Barat yang dinilai sedang mengalami krisis spritualitas. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">METAFISIKA
DAN CAHAYA</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Bagian kedua dari <i><u>H</u>ikma<u>t</u>
al-Isyrâq</i> mengungkapkan pemikiran teosofi Suhrawardî yang memuat konsep
metafisikanya. Pada bagian ini, Suhrawardî menjelaskan konsep teosofi
yang berpusat pada kajian cahaya (<i>al-isyrâq)</i> sebagai media simbolik.
Teosofi adalah modifikasi antara latihan intelektual teoritis melalui filsafat
dan pemurnian hati melalui sufisme (Morewedge, 1992:73). Suhrawardî
mengelaborasi cahaya untuk mengungkapkan kesatuan pemikirannya baik pada
tataran epistimologi, teologi, dan ontologi. Pembahasan utama pada bagian
ini meliputi hakikat cahaya, susunan wujud (<i>being</i>), aktivitas cahaya,
cahaya dominan, pembagian <i>barzâkh</i> (alam kubur), persoalan alam akhirat,
kenabian, dan nasib perjalanan manusia menuju purifikasi jiwa. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Dengan
konsep <i>al-Isyrâq</i>-nya, Suhrawardî menyatakan bahwa seluruh alam semesta
merupakan rentetan dari intensitas cahaya. Gradasi sinar dari sumber cahaya
berakhir pada kegelapan. Semua kajian dalam bagian kedua membentuk bangunan
teosofi berupa perpaduan antara filsafat dan tasawuf. Oleh karena
itu, Suhrawardî dianggap sebagai pencetus dan pelopor konsep kesatuan iluminasi
(<i>wa<u>h</u>da<u>t</u> al-‘isyrâq</i>). Hal ini dikarenakan usaha Suhrawardî
untuk mengoptimalkan proses iluminasi sebagai ilustrasi holistik dari kesatuan
wujud (<i>wa<u>h</u>da<u>t</u> al-wujûd</i>) yang dikembangkan Ibn ‘Arabî
(Netton, 1994:258). Gagasan mengenai kesatuan iluminasi yang diajarkan oleh
Suhrawardî merangsang munculnya sikap protes dan anti pati dari kalangan
ahli fiqh (<i>islamic jurisprudence</i>). Karena dianggap sesat dan mendatangkan
keresahan dalam masyarakat, para ahli fiqh itu kemudian mengadili Suhrawardî
serta menjatuhkan hukuman mati (hukuman gantung) kepadanya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Cahaya yang dimaksudkan oleh
Suhrawardi bersifat immaterial dan tidak bisa didefinisikan, karena sesuatu
yang terang tidak memerlukan definisi. Cahaya adalah entitas yang paling terang
di dunia, bahkan cahaya menembus susunan semua entitas, baik yang bersifat
fisik maupun non-fisik. Karena itu, esensi cahaya adalah manifestasi. Maka itu,
untuk eksistensi dirinya, Cahaya yang pertama tidak mempiunyai penyebab lain
diluar dirinya. Semua yang selain Cahaya utama ini adalah tergantung, dan
mungkin “Yang bukan Cahaya” (kegelapa) bukanlah sesuatu yang khusus yang datang
dari suatu sumber yang mandiri. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Segala sesuatu yang bukan dari
“Cahaya Murni” terdiri dari yang tidak membutuhkan substratum, yang merupakan
substansi gelap. Substansi-substansi gelap ini memiliki sifat, sepeti figure
dan ukuran, yang berasal dari sifat gelap yang inheren dalam substansi gelap.
Sedangkan Cahaya Murni bebas dari kegelapan, jadi begitu saja memahami sendiri
tanpa agen diluar dirinya, sementara setiap tindakan lain dari pemahaman
tergantung padanya. Hubungan antara Cahaya dan Gelap bukan hubungan
pertentangan; tetapi hubungan antara eksistensi dan non-eksistensi. Menegaskan
Cahaya, niscaya menerima peniadaannya sebagai kenyataan, yaitu kegelapan yang
harus diteranginya suapaya ia menjadi dirinya sendiri. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Cahaya Primordial ini merupakan
sumber semua gerak. Tetapi geraknya bukanlah perubahan tempat; hal ini
disebabkan <i>cinta </i>akan penerangan yang membentuk esensinya dan
mendorongnya, seakan-akan, mempercepat hidupnya segala sesuatu dengan
menumpahkan sinarnya sendiri ke dalam kemaujudan mereka. Jumlah penerangan yang
mengalir darinya tidak terbatas. Semua penerangan ini adalah media atau dalam
bahasa Teologi, Malaikat, yang melaluinya segala keanekaragaman tak terbatas
maujud menerima kehidupan dan makanan dari Cahaya Pertama. Cahaya pertama ini
disebut oleh Suhrawardi sebagai Cahaya Segala Cahaya, Cahaya Yang Mandiri,
Cahaya Suci, dan sebagainya. (<i>Nur al-Muhith, Nur al-Qayyum, Nur al-Muqaddas,
Nur al-A’dham al-A’la, Nur al-Qahhar, dan Ghani al-Muthlaq</i>). Sifat pertama
Cahaya Segala Cahya ini adalah Esa.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">EPISTEMOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Secara
umum, sistematika <i><u>H</u>ikma<u>t</u> al-Isyrâq </i>terbagi ke dalam dua
bagian utama. Bagian pertama mengulas sejumlah kritik terhadap pemikiran
peripatetis terutama terhadap konsep epistemologi. Bagian kedua membahas konsep
cahaya dengan berbagai dimensinya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Pada
bagian pertama, sejalan dengan arah kritik yang dilancarkan, maka kritik
epistemologi berkisar antara logika dan sumber ilmu pengetahuan. Dalam kajian
tentang sumber ilmu pengetahuan, Suhrawardî membaginya ke dalam
pengetahuan <i><u>h</u>ushûlî</i> dan <i><u>h</u>udhûrî</i>. Pengetahuan <i><u>h</u>ushûlî</i>
terbagi ke dalam dua jenis sarana untuk mencapainya. Pertama diperoleh dengan
memaksimalkan fungsi indrawi atau observasi empiris. Melalui indra yang
dimiliki, manusia mampu menangkap dan menggambarkan segala objek indrawi sesuai
dengan justifikasi indrawi yaitu melihat, mendengar, meraba, mencium dan
merasa. Kedua diperoleh melalui sarana daya pikir (observasi rasional), yaitu
upaya rasionalisasi segala objek rasio dalam bentuk spritual (<i>ma’qûla<u>t</u></i>)
secara silogisme yaitu menarik kesimpulan dari hal-hal yang diketahui kepada
hal-hal yang belum diketahui (Yazdî, 1994:9).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"> Sedangkan
pengetahuan <i><u>h</u>udhûrî</i> adalah pengetahuan dengan kehadiran
(observasi ruhani) yaitu pengetahuan yang bersumber langsung dari pemberi
pengetahuan tertinggi berdasarkan <i>mukâsyafa<u>t</u></i> (pengungkapan tabir)
dan iluminasi. Konsep ilmu <i><u>h</u>udhûrî</i> ini dikembangkan
Suhrawardî dengan penekanan pada aspek ketekunan dalam <i>mujâhada<u>t</u></i>,
<i>riyâdha<u>t</u></i> dan ‘<i>ibâda<u>t</u></i> daripada memaksimalkan fungsi
rasio, dengan kata lain ilmu <i><u>h</u>udhûrî</i> lebih menekankan olah <i>dzikir</i>
dari pada olah <i>pikir </i>(Ziai, 1990: 17).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Suhrawardi
membahas secara panjang lebar masalah pengetahuan, pada akhirnya mendasarkannya
pada Iluminasi dan mengusulkan satu teori visi, yang dalam beberapa hal mirip
dengan Psikologi Gestalt. Ia menggabungkan cara nalar dengan intuisi,
menganggap keduanya saling melengkapi. Menurut Suhrawardi, nalar tanpa intuisi
dan iiluminasi adalah kekanak-kanakan, rabun dan tidak pernah bisa mencapai
sumber transenden dari segala kebenaran dan penalaran. Sedangkan intuisi tanpa
penyiapan logika serta latihan dan pengembangan kemampuan rasional bisa
tersesat dan pula tidak akan dapat mengungkapkan dirinya secara ringkas dan
metodis. Jadi tujuan akhir segala bentuk pengetahuan ialah Iluminasi dan
ma’rifat (Gnosis), yang ditempatkan Suhrawardi secara tegas pada puncak
hierarki pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">KOSMOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Segala hal yang “bukan cahaya”
disebut sebagai “Kualitas Mutlak” atau “Materi Mutlak”. Ini hanyalah aspek lain
penegasan atas cahaya dan bukan suatu prinsip mandiri sebagaimana yang secara
salah dianggap oleh para pengikut Aristoteles. Fakta eksperimental transformasi
unsur-unsur primer menjadi satu yang lain, menunjuk kepada materi absolute;
fundamental ini yang dalam berbagai tingkat besarnya, membentuk bermacam
lingkungan materi. Landasan mutlak semua benda dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis;</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Yang
diluar ruang --atom-atom atau substansi tidak terang (esensi-esensi menurut
Kaum As’ari)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Yang
mesti di dalam ruang –bentuk-bentuk kegelapan, misalnya; berat, bau, rasa dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Terdapat tiga unsur dasar, yaitu air,
tanah, dan angina. Menurut orang-orang Isyraqi, api hanyalah angina yang
menyala. Paduan unsure-unsur ini, di bawah berbagai pengaruh langit, mengambil
berbagai bentuk, yaitu bentuk cair, gas, padat. Perubahan bentuk unsur-unsur
orisinil ini membentuk proses “Membuat dan Merusak” yang menembus seluruh
lingkup dari yang bukan cahaya, yang menimbulkan bermacam-macam bentuk
eksistensi yang semakin mendekatkan mereka kepada kekuatan-kekuatan penerang.
Semua fenomena alam, yaitu hujan, awan, halilintar, meteor, guntur, adalah
berbagai kerja dari prinsip imanen gerak ini, dan diterangkan oleh operasi
langsung dan tidak langsung oleh Cahaya Pertama. Singkatnya, alam semesta ialah
suatu hasrat yang membantu; suatu kristalisasi kerinduan kepada cahaya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FPSI\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">PSIKOLOGI</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gerak
dan sinar tidaklah berada bersama-sama dalam kasus benda-benda yang lebih
rendah. Sepotong batu misalnya, meskipun disinari dan karenanya terlihat, tidak
memiliki gerak yang dimulainya sendiri. Kategori-kategori material yang satu
dan yang banyak tidak dapat diterapkan kepada jiwa yang, dalam esensialnya,
tidak satu dan tidak pula banyak. Hubungan antara penerangan abstrak, atau
antara jiwa dan tubuh, bukanlah hubungan sebab akibat; ikatan kesatuan antara
mereka ialah cinta. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tubuh
yang merindukan penerangan, melalui penerangan melalui jiwa. Tetapi jiwa tidak
dapat menyampaikan sinar yang diterima secara langsung itu kepada benda yang
padat dan gelap, karena memang berbeda antara jiwa dan tubuh. Agar terjadi
suatu hubungan satu sama lain, mereka itu memerlukan suatu media, sesuatu yang
berdiri di tengah antara terang dan gelap. Media ini ialah jiwa hewani, yaitu
suatu sap yang transparan, halus, dan panas, yang tempat utamanya di rongga
kiri jantung, namun beredar juga pada semua bagian tubuh.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Keidealan
manusia, ialah meningkat terus lebih tinggi dalam skala maujud, dan menerima
semakin banyak penerangan yang berangsur-angsur membawa kebebasan sempurna dari
dunia bentuk. Cara mewujudkan ideal manusia ini dengan berbagai pengetahuan dan
tindakan, yang mengubah pengertian dan kehendak. Secara singkat, sarana-sarana
pewujudan ini adalah:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengetahuan </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Masalah paling orisinil dalam psikologinya Suhrawardi mengenai inteleksi
ialah teorinya mengenai visi (penglihatan). Sinar yang diduga keluar dari mata
mestilah substansi atau kualitas. Jika kualitas, ia tidak dapat ditransmisikan
dari satu substansi (mata) kepada substansi lain (benda yang dapat dilihat).
Jika disisi lain, sinar itu substansi, maka ia bergerak secara sadar atau
secara dipaksa oleh sifatnya yang melekat. Gerakan yang sadar membuat seekor
binatang mempersepsi benda lain. Pemersepsi dalam hal ini adalah sinar itu
sendiri, bukan manusia.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tindakan </span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Manusia, sebagai makhluk yang aktif, mempunyai kekuatan-kekuatan penggerak
berikut:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Akal atau jiwa Kemalaikatan, yaitu sumber intelegensi,
pembedaan, dan cinta pengetahuan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jiwa binatang buas yang merupakan sumber amarah, keberanian,
dominasi, dan ambisi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Jiwa hewani yang merupakan sumber nafsu lapar, dan nafsu
seksual.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Yang pertama membawa kebijaksanaan: yang kedua dan ketiga, jika
dikendalikan oleh akal, masing-masing akan membawa kepada keberanian dan
kesucian. Penggunaan secara selaras semua itu menghasilkan keadilan. Maka itu,
dengan menggabungkan pengetahuan dan kebajikan, jiwa membebaskan dirinya dari
dunia kegelapan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">*)Resourced by: harja
saputra (2004)</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">April 11,
2007 pada 2:04 am. dan berbagai buku referensi yang lupa saya catat :)</span></span></div>
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<br /><br />
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-87930202723649209912015-12-22T19:03:00.000-08:002015-12-22T19:03:05.634-08:00The Extended Muslim Family <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
According to Islamic teachings,
the family is the foundation of society. But the family is not limited only to
one’s parents, brothers, and sisters. The Muslim family is a network of
relatives near and far, all of whom have rights and responsibilities in the
family structure.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.5pt;">Respect for Parents and Elders</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">A Muslim's duties to his or her parents
are secondary only to duties toward Allah, their Lord and Creator. The Prophet
Muhammad once</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">asked his companions. "Shall I inform you of the biggest of
the major</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">sins?" He repealed the question three limes, until tin-
people answered. "Yes, please inform us." Then, he said.
"Ascribing partners to Allah, and</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">being undutiful to your parents."</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Essential</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Muhammad once said
that cursing one's parents is one of the greatest of sins. It is forbidden for
Muslims to ridicule, abuse, or call names the father or mother of another
person, even in jest<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.</b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Our
life would not be possible-without the sacrifice and hard work of our parents,
who cared for us and met all our needs when we were young. The Qur'an addresses
this point in one touching verse:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">And your Lord has decreed that you worship
none but Him, and that you he kind lo parents. If one or both of them attain
old age during your life, say not lo them a word of disrespect, nor repel them.
But address them in terms of honor, and lower to them the wing of humility, out
of mercy and say. "My Lord! Bestow on them Your Mercy, as they did bung me
up win n I was young." ( 17:23-24)</span><span style="color: red;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Duties
to Parents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Muslims
are advised to treat their parents gently and respectfully. They</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">should always strive
lo please them, and never bee tine impatient or rude with them. Muslims
consider it an honor and a blessing to be able to care for their parents in old
age. After all, it's the least we can do to</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">repay them for all of their hard work and
sacrifice. Nursing homes and hospice care are virtually unheard of in the
Muslim world. Elderly and ill family members almost always remain in the home
of children or relatives, cared for and respected, until death.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Muhammad encouraged his followers to treat
their parents well and</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">to be mindful of their needs. Once, a young man came
to him and wanted to join the Muslim army on the battlefield to defend the</span>
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">community
from attack. Muhammad asked him if his parents were living. When the young man
said they were, he told him: "Then go back to your parents, serve them,
and deal with them kindly. This is as good as fighting for God's sake."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
another case, a young man traveled from Yemen to be with Muhammad. When he
arrived, Muhammad asked him if he had asked his parents' permission before
coming. He hadn't. So Muhammad sent him home, with these instructions: "If
they permit you, then come back. Otherwise, be devoted to them."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Muslims
consider their parents' opinions about important matters, such as choosing a
career path, marriage, or relocating. As a Muslim gets older, any income he or
she earns is partially used to support his parents and meet their needs. After
their death, a Muslim prays that God will forgive his or her parents and show
mercy toward them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It
is important to note, however, that a Muslim's duty toward his or her parents
is not blind obedience. No Muslim should obey his or her parents if they order
their child to do something that is in violation of Islamic law. In this
situation, a Muslim strives to advise the parents, educate them about Islamic
teachings in the matter, and ultimately serve God first and foremost.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Mother
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">First</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Among
parents, it is usually the mother who makes the most sacrifice and endures the
most hardship in the care of her children. Islam recognizes this fact, offering
more honor to the mother as a parent. Muhammad once said, "Paradise is placed at the mothers' feet," so high is
their status and regard.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Qur'an reminds people of the
sacrifices and hardships that mothers face on behalf of their children.
"And we enjoined upon mankind concerning parents: his mother carried him
in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning is two years. Therefore show
gratitude to Allah and to your parents" (31:14).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On
another occasion, some people asked the Prophet Muhammad, "To whom should
we show kindness first?" He answered, "Your mother." Then he was
asked again, "And after that, then whom?" Muhammad again replied.
"Your mother." He was asked yet again, and he gave the same reply
again. "Your mother." Only after that, when he was asked one more
time, did he answer, "Then, your father."</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Essential</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad once
said, "Let his nose be rubbed in the dust; let his nose be rubbed in the
dust; let his nose be rubbed in the dust." When asked, "Who is it
that should be humiliated in such a way?" he answered, "That person
who finds his parents, one or both of them, attaining old age in his life, but
does not enter Paradise by serving them."</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt;">Non-Muslim Parents</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If
a Muslim's parents do not believe in Islam, he or she is guided to treat them
with kindness and mercy out of respect for their sacrifices and unconditional
love. However, just as with Muslim parents, if a non-Muslim parent orders
something that goes against the faith, the Muslim is not to obey: "But if
they strive to make you join other gods in worship with Me, of which you have
no knowledge, obey (hem not. Yet accompany them in this life with
gentleness" (31:15). All other duties that a Muslim must show his or her
parents hold true, regardless of their faith.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Family Relationships</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The family in Islam is not restricted to
immediate relatives of the nuclear" family. Aunts, uncles, cousins,
grandparents, second cousins</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">and even neighbors form a complex web of
relationships that are tied</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">through mutual rights and responsibilities.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
Arabic, any adult woman is called Auntie <i>(Khala) </i>and any adult</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">male ,s called
Uncle <i>(Amo). </i>One's uncles are as close as one's father</span>, <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">and one s aunts
are as close as one's mother. A "cousin" could be any</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">number of
relations: first cousin, second cousin, cousins related through birth as well
as through marriage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">If something happens to a member of the family, the entire clan
pitches in to offer assistance. If a woman is widowed, her father and brothers
help her. If she has no immediate family, then uncles and cousins are obliged
to pitch in. The elders are cared for by their children or by their nieces,
nephews, or great-grandchildren. In this way, nobody is left to suffer in
loneliness or poverty; there is always someone to look out for them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While
the culture of each individual family may vary, it is generally understood that
one person's business is open to the entire group. It is not considered rude
for a distant cousin to ask about a relative's income, or for a grandmother to
ask about a new couple's plans to have children. The personal boundaries can
sometimes be blurred, because people consider "family business" to be
everyone's concern. This is not done out of nosiness or to simply gossip.
Within the family, there is generally a true desire to share, strengthen the
bonds of trust, and offer sincere advice.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.0pt;">Duties to Kin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">If Muslims are commanded to be respectful
and caring toward their parents, elders, and other family members, how does one
go about showing that respect? What duties does a Muslim have toward his or her
family?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 15.0pt;">Emotional Ties</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
Qur'an has strong words against those who "do not respect the ties of
kinship," calling them people who "transgress all bounds"
(9:10). The Prophet Muhammad once said, "The person who severs the bond of
kinship will not enter Paradise." On
another occasion, he said, "He who believes in Allah and the Last Day, let
him be hospitable to his guest; and he who believes in Allah and the Last Day,
let him maintain well the ties of kinship; and he who believes in Allah and the
Last Day, must speak good or remain silent."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cutting off tics with one's family
is considered a serious sin, a violation of the sacred family unit. The first
responsibility a Muslim has </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">toward family is to keep in touch with them,
inquire about them, and visit them in sickness and in health. When making life
choices, a Muslim considers the opinions of family members and heeds the advice
of elders.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Financial Obligations</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
addition to the emotional connection, a Muslim has a financial obligation
toward relatives. "And render to relatives their due rights, as also to
those in need and to the wayfarer, and do not squander your wealth in the
manner of a spendthrift" (17:26). In another verse, the Qur'an commands
Muslims to spend in charity "for your kin, for orphans, for the needy, for
the wayfarer, for those who ask, and for the ransom of slaves" (2:177).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
distributing money in charity, it is advisable to look in one's own backyard
first. When Muslims give gifts to their family members, it is still considered
charity and they gain the reward for every dime or dollar spent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Fact</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In Islam, female
family members are entitled to financial support from their nearest relatives.
If a woman has no father or brothers, this responsibility extends to uncles,
cousins, or even the community at large. Female relatives have no such
responsibilities.</span><span style="color: red;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.5pt;">Benefits of Extended Family</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">In today's world, it is often difficult
for families beyond the nuclear family unit to remain together. Due to distance
and time constraints, many families gather only on annual holidays,
graduations, or weddings. Some relatives may practically be strangers to one
another. This leaves individuals floating without an anchor, without a sense of
community.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Support and Assistance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
a larger network of relatives is close with each other physically and emotionally,
any individual member can count on the entire family for support. Grandma can
watch the children, uncles can help with</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">household chores, aunts share cooking
responsibilities, and every adult contributes to the larger family unit. If one
member needs help, the others pitch in. If someone is ill, someone else is
there to nurse him or her back to health. Such was the lifestyle of countless
generations, but it has been lost to many of us in the past fifty years.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Companionship for Young and Old</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
there are more adults working together in the family, the children have more
role models and advisors. The children can hear their grandparents' childhood
stories and feel connected to the history of the family. In return, the elders
feel needed and loved. Since these relationships an; lacking in today's
society, some people are trying to create them artificially. Schools and
retirement homes have begun partnering up in some areas, bringing the young and
the old together for companionship and education.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.5pt;">Friends and Neighbors</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Beyond our own families, there arc others
who are deserving of our respect and attention. Part of being a good Muslim is
paying particular attention to one's neighbors. When sharing a common area with
someone, regardless of their religious affiliation, Muslims strive to be
friendly and kind. Robert Frost's expression, "Good fences make good
neighbors," does not apply in Islam. Rather, Islam subscribes to the
"neighborhood watch" kind of attitude toward neighborly relations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Essential</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Muhammad once had a non-Muslim neighbor who would dump trash on his
doorstep every single day. One morning, he left his home to find that there was
no trash there. Concerned, he visited the woman's home to inquire about her
health. Sure enough, she was very ill. She was moved by his concern, and later
embraced Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: white; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">In Islam, neighbors should be attentive to
each other and protect each other. Our close proximity to our neighbors can
either result in friendship or conflict. The Prophet Muhammad once said,
"He is not a believer, who eats his fill while his neighbor beside him is
hungry." Neighbors should check on each other, and assist each other.
Another time, the Prophet Muhammad forcefully said, "He is not a believer!
He is not a believer! He is not a believer!" When the people asked him
what he meant, he said that he was speaking of "the one whose neighbor
does not feel safe from his evil."</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 17.5pt;">Islamic Inheritance Laws</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">The Qur'an outlined Islamic inheritance
laws to ensure that no person is denied what is rightfully due to him or her.
The formulas for calculating inheritance are rather complicated. In all cases,
the Qur'an makes clear that distribution of inheritance is done "after the
payment of legacies and debts" (4:11). The rights of a lender have priority
over the rights of the heirs, unless the debt is forgiven.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.5pt;">Half for Girls?</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There
is much debate over one aspect of Islamic inheritance law: the erroneous claim
that boys are "worth" twice as much as girls. The verse in question
is: "Allah thus directs you as regards your children's inheritance: to the
male, a portion equal to that of two females" (4:11).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When
considering this law, one must keep in mind the whole Islamic economic system,
of which inheritance law is just one part. Women have the freedom and right to
work and receive earnings. However, they are not obligated to spend their money
on the family's needs. Men bear the sole burden of financially supporting every
member of the family. So in essence, the money he earns is not his alone, but
the whole family's.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
same is true of inheritance. The men of the family are obligated to use any
income, including inheritance, to provide financial support to the entire
family. Women receive their inheritance with no strings attached, no financial
obligations to fulfill. Therefore, Muslims see it as</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">only fair that
the amounts be adjusted to reflect this reality. Among Muslims, this rule is
not considered derogatory to women, but rather is an affirmation of their
rights and freedoms.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In
addition, tin's ruling applies only when children (brothers and sisters) are
inheriting from their parents. When parents are heirs to their deceased
children's estate, the male and female divisions (for mother and father) are
equal. This indicates that the legal ruling is not a matter of men being better
or worth twice as much as women. Rather, it has to do with a young man's
financial obligations to his other family members after his parents are gone.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Before
the coming of Islam, women themselves were objects of inheritance, part of the
estate to be divvied up. The Qur'an abolished this practice: "From what is
left by parents and near relatives, there is a share for men and a share for
women—whether the property be small or large—a determinate share" (4:7).
This was a revolutionary idea at the time; indeed, in many parts of the world
women gained inheritance rights only in recent times.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;">ALERT!</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">In financial
dealings, women are generally on an equal footing with men. There is equal pay
for equal work, equal rights td own and dispose of property, and so forth. It
is only in specific circumstances of inheritance that a man might be given more
than a woman, to compensate for greater financial obligations in the future.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.5pt;">Life Insurance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As a concept; life insurance is
forbidden in Islam. There are two reasons for this. First of all, only God
knows the date and place of our impending death, and to seek some sort of
protection in matters of death is considered “gambling" on God. This is
unsavory, particularly if the contract involves the collection or payment of
interest funds. Secondly, in the Islamic social system, there is no need for
this extra protection Individuals are cared for and protected by the circle of
family, and in the absence of family, the wider community. If all else fails,
zakat (alms) may be used by the state to assist people in need.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">*English Lesson</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;"> maaf lupa dapet referensi darimana</span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-54570191571883905292015-12-22T19:00:00.000-08:002015-12-22T19:00:03.580-08:00Tolerance of Diversity<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
Diversity in Allah's creation is not only in colors and languages, but also in
ideas and ways of life. The Qur'an makes clear that Allah intentionally did not
create us all as carbon copies of each other. We have the opportunity to learn
from each other and gain a new perspective, particularly when learning about
people who are different, from ourselves. As the Qur'an proclaims God's words,
"Oh mankind! We created you from a single soul, male and female, and made
you into nations and tribes, so that you may come to know one another. Truly,
the most honored of you in God's sight is the greatest of you in piety. God is
All-Knowing. All Aware" (-19:13).</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
There are places in time and history when Muslims were known to be the most
tolerant nation on earth. Unfortunately, there are also many examples of
Muslims who have allowed arrogance, pride, and greed to get the better of them.</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kindness and Generosity</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Muhammad always
commanded his followers to treat everyone with kindness, and to give to others
in charity. There are countless stories of Muhammad exhorting the benefits of
charily, for both individuals and society at large.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Alert</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Muslims are reminded in the Qur'an not
to be boastful about their charitable donations: "O you who believe! Do
not cancel your charity, by giving reminders of your generosity, or by injury,
like those who spend their wealth to be seen by men, but believe neither in God
nor in the Last Day" (2:264).</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
In many traditions, Muhammad reminded his followers that the bounties we have
in this world do not belong to us, but are a trust from Allah. It is our duty
to share with those less fortunate. In addition to the institution of zakat
(almsgiving), Islam implemented systems whereby slaves would be set free, and
neighbors would care for neighbors. Even those who are limited in means can
give in charity. Muhammad instructed them: "Help someone in his work, or
make something for someone who cannot make it himself. If you cannot, then at
least restrain yourself from doing harm to anyone, for that also is a
charity." On another occasion, he said, "Each person's every joint
must perform an act of charity every day the sun comes up. To act justly
between two people is a charity. To help <i>i. </i>man with his mount, helping
him onto it, or hoisting up his belongings onto it, is a charity. A good word
is a charity. Every step you lake towards prayer is a charity. And removing a'
harmful thing from tin; road is a charity."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Translate</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Khoiratul Awwaliyah/108070000165/3D /PBI/Psi.Regular</span></div>
<br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Toleransi Diversity</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
Keragaman dalam ciptaan Allah tidak hanya dalam warna dan bahasa, tetapi juga
dalam ide-ide dan cara hidup. Al-Qur'an menjelaskan bahwa Allah sengaja tidak
menciptakan kita semua sebagai salinan karbon satu sama lain. Kami memiliki
kesempatan untuk belajar dari satu sama lain dan mendapatkan perspektif baru,
terutama ketika belajar tentang orang-orang yang berbeda, dari diri kita
sendiri. Ketika Al Qur'an menyatakan kata-kata Tuhan, "Oh manusia,
sesungguhnya Kami menciptakan kamu dari satu jiwa, laki-laki dan perempuan, dan
menjadikan kamu berbangsa-bangsa dan suku-suku, supaya kamu mengenal satu sama
lain. Sungguh, yang paling terhormat dari Anda di hadapan Allah adalah yang
terbesar dari Anda dalam kesalehan. Allah adalah Maha Mengetahui. Semua
Mengetahui "(-19:13). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
Ada tempat-tempat dalam waktu dan sejarah ketika umat Islam dikenal sebagai
bangsa yang paling toleran di bumi. Sayangnya, ada juga main-contoh Muslim yang
telah membiarkan arogansi, kesombongan, dan keserakahan untuk mendapatkan lebih
baik dari mereka. <br />
<br />
Kebaikan dan Kedermawanan Muhammad selalu memerintahkan para pengikutnya untuk
memperlakukan setiap orang dengan kebaikan, dan memberi kepada orang lain dalam
amal. Ada banyak cerita tentang Muhammad mendesak amal manfaat, baik bagi
individu dan masyarakat pada umumnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Alert <br />
Muslim diingatkan dalam Alquran untuk tidak sombong tentang sumbangan amal
mereka: "Hai orang beriman! Jangan membatalkan amal Anda, dengan
memberikan pengingat kemurahan hati Anda, atau dengan cedera, seperti
orang-orang yang menafkahkan hartanya untuk dilihat oleh laki-laki, tetapi
tidak percaya pada Tuhan maupun di Hari Terakhir "(2:264).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">
Dalam banyak tradisi, Muhammad mengingatkan para pengikutnya bahwa karunia yang
kita miliki di dunia ini bukan milik kita, tetapi adalah kepercayaan dari
Allah. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adalah tugas kita untuk berbagi
dengan mereka yang kurang beruntung. Di samping lembaga zakat (sedekah), Islam di
mana sistem diterapkan budak akan dibebaskan, dan tetangga akan peduli
tetangga. Bahkan mereka yang terbatas berarti dapat bersedekah. Muhammad
memerintahkan mereka: "Tolonglah orang dalam karyanya, atau membuat
sesuatu untuk seseorang yang tidak dapat membuat sendiri. Jika Anda tidak bisa,
maka setidaknya menahan diri dari melakukan kejahatan kepada siapa pun, untuk
itu juga adalah amal." Pada kesempatan lain, ia berkata, "Setiap
orang yang setiap sendi harus melakukan suatu perbuatan amal setiap hari matahari
muncul. Untuk bertindak adil antara dua orang adalah sedekah. Untuk membantu i.
laki-laki dengan me-mount, membantunya ke atasnya, atau mengangkat
barang-barangnya naik ke atasnya, adalah amal. Sebuah kata yang baik adalah
amal. Setiap langkah Anda menuju danau doa adalah amal. Dan mengeluarkan 'hal
yang berbahaya dari timah; jalan adalah amal. "</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">*English2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">maaf lagi-lagi lupa dapet referensi darimana </span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-43856132268199449792015-12-22T18:56:00.001-08:002015-12-22T18:56:39.425-08:00Islamic Manners and Morals
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Islam provides
clear guidance to its followers on how they should conduct themselves in their
daily lives. In his or her interactions with others, a Muslim is to have the
best of manners. The root of the word "Islam" is "peace,"
and Muslims are to be peaceful in word and deed, treat people with kindness and
mercy, and be tolerant and just.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Equality and Tolerance</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Islam is known for its teachings about the
equality of all people, regardless of race, ethnicity, or linguistic
background. Muslims regard the diversity of life as a sign of the beauty of
Allah's creation: "And among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and
the earth, and the variations in your languages and your colors. Verily in that
are signs for those who know" (Qur'an 30:22). Many of the first Muslims
were from the lowest classes of society-slaves, women, and orphans—who were
attracted by Muhammad's message of human worth and equality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">Essential</span><span style="color: red;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">The Golden Rule,
"do unto others <i>as </i>you do unto yourself," is a universal value
in all major faiths, and Islam is no exception. Muhammad once said, "Not
one of you is a believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires
for himself."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Arrogance of Satan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Indeed,
Satan's major sin was arrogance—his belief that he was better than Allah's
other creation, the human being (the story of Satan's insubordination is
described in Chapter 13). Arrogance and pride led to Satan's fall, and likewise
will be the cause of suffering and destruction in the world if left unchecked.
When we devalue others because of the way that Allah created them, we question
Allah's judgment and wisdom.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">The Lessons o£ the Hajj</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Hajj
is the ultimate expression of the equality of all people in the eyes of God. It
is the one time and place on earth when kings stand barefoot, side by side with
peasants and artisans. Looking at the people, in their seamless white clothes,
one would not he able to tell the difference. Worldly riches, status, family
background—all are erased in the eyes of God—and they should be so in our own
eyes as well.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Renowned
black activist Malcolm X had a life-changing experience in 1964, when he
traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, for the annual pilgrimage. He was especially
struck by the true sense of brotherhood and the</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">absolute love between all those assembled,
which challenged his previous beliefs that equality among the races was
impossible to achieve. He wrote about his experience in a letter, which was
later published in <i>The Autobiography of Malcolm </i><i>X </i>(African American Images, reprinted 1989).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Tolerance of Diversity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Diversity
in Allah's creation is not only in colors and languages, but also in ideas and
ways of life. The Qur'an makes clear that Allah intentionally did not create us
all as carbon copies of each other. We have the opportunity to learn from each
other and gain a new perspective, particularly when learning about people who
are different, from ourselves. As the Qur'an proclaims God's words, "Oh
mankind! We created you from a single soul, male and female, and made you into
nations and tribes, so that you may come to know one another. Truly, the most
honored of you in God's sight is the greatest of you in piety. God is
All-Knowing. All Aware" (-19:13).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>There
are places in time and history when Muslims were known to be the most tolerant
nation on earth. Unfortunately, there are also main-examples of Muslims who
have allowed arrogance, pride, and greed to get the better of them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Kindness and Generosity</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Muhammad always commanded his followers to
treat everyone with kindness, and to give to others in charity. There are countless
stories of Muhammad exhorting the benefits of charily, for both individuals and
society at large.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Alert</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Muslims ar</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> reminded in the
Qur'an not to be boastful about their charitable donations: "O you who
believe! Do not cancel your charity, by giving reminders of your generosity, or
by injury, like<b> </b>those who spend their wealth to be seen by men, but
believe neither in God nor in the Last Day" (2:264).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>In many traditions, Muhammad
reminded his followers that the bounties we have in this world do not belong to
us, but are a trust from Allah. It is our duty to share with those less
fortunate. In addition to the institution of zakat (almsgiving), Islam
implemented systems whereby slaves would be set free, and neighbors would care
for neighbors. Even those who are limited in means can give in charity.
Muhammad instructed them: "Help someone in his work, or make something for
someone who cannot make it himself. If you cannot, then at least restrain yourself
from doing harm to anyone, for that also is a charity." On another
occasion, he said, "Each person's every joint must perform an act of
charity every day the sun comes up. To act justly between two people is a
charity. To help <i>i. </i>man with his mount, helping him onto it, or hoisting
up his belongings onto it, is a charity. A good word is a charity. Every step
you lake towards prayer is a charity. And removing a' harmful thing from tin;
road is a charily."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">The Virtue of Mercy</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Muhammad often told stories of
people, to serve as examples to others. In one case, he told a story of a man
who passed by a road and found a thorny branch in the middle of the path. He
removed the branch so that it would not be an inconvenience to people. When
Muhammad told the story, he added, "Allah appreciated his action and
forgave his sins."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>The Qur'an is filled with messages
of the mercy of Allah, and exhorts its followers to be merciful and just.
Muhammad once told a man. "Whoever is not merciful to others will not be
treated mercifully [by Allah on the Day of Judgment]." He particularly
disliked those who did not show mercy to children and the elderly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Treatment of Animals</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>A Muslims kindness should no, only
extend to other people but also to animals, which are deserving of kind treatment
and mercy. In another story, Muhammad told of a dog that was circling around a
well suffering from extreme thirst. A woman saw the animal in thus condition so
she lowered her leather sock into the well, drew some water, and gave it to </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">the d</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">og to drink. "Allah appreciated her action and forgave her
sins</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">simply on account of this kindness." he said. His
companions who were listening to the story asked Muhammad. "Are we
rewarded for our kindness towards animals as well?" He answered.
"There arc rewards for kindness to every living thing."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">FACT</span></b><span style="color: red;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">While in the
company of Muhammad, a man once took an egg from a bird's nest. This caused the
mother bird to get upset and begin circling around Muhammad's head. He asked,
"Who stole this bird's egg?" The man admitted that he took the egg.
Muhammad then told him, "Put it back, and have mercy."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>In another account, Muhammad warned
those people who treat animals with cruelty. He told his companions, "A
woman was doomed to Hellfire because she put a cal in a closet until the cat
died from starvation. She did not give the cal anything to cat or drink, nor
did she let the cal free to hunt for is food."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Honesty and Trustworthiness</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">It is often said
that a "man is only as good as his word." This held true in pre-lslamic
Arabic culture, when trust and loyalty were matters of life and death. In
Islam, honesty gained additional importance as a matter of faith. Believers are
described as being truthful and upright; they must keep their promises and fulfill
their trusts. "Oh you who believe! Fear Allah and be with those who are truthful"
(Qur'an 9:119). Those who reject faith are often described as liars and
hypocrites, and Muslims are warned against following in their footsteps. Islam
considers giving false testimony one of (he worst sins committed by men.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Backbiting</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Muslims are
instructed not to talk about people behind their backs, speaking ill of others
not in their presence. "Oh you who believe! Avoid suspicion as much as
possible, for suspicion in some cases is a sin. And </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">do not spy on
each other, nor speak ill of each other behind their backs. Would any of you
like to eat the flesh of his dead brother? No, you would abhor it"
(49:12).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>When
his companions asked, Muhammad said that backbiting is "to say something
about your brother which he dislikes." They asked about the case in which
what they are saying about the person is true. He responded, "If what you
say is true about him, you have backbitten against him, and if it is not true
then you have committed slander against him." Either case is a serious
sin. Muslims are advised again and again to be careful of their tongue.
"Whosoever believes in Allah and the Last Day should say what is good, or
keep silent," Muhammad advised.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Oaths and Promises</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Muslims
are obliged to fulfill their promises, and meet the terms of contracts or
agreements. When we make agreements, the other party trusts us to fulfill our
end of the bargain. Muslims are forbidden from reneging on promises. The Qur'an
says, "And those who respect their trusts and covenants; and those who
stand firm in their testimonies; and those who strictly guard their
worship—such will be the honored ones in the Gardens of Bliss" (Qur'an
70:32-35). Muhammad also taught, "Speak the truth when you talk, keep
your, promise when you make it, fulfill your trust when you are trusted, and
restrain your hands from injustice."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">Essential</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">When called upon
to arbitrate in disputes, Muslims are required to be fair and equitable to both
parties. The Qur'an advises: "And when you judge between people, that you
judge with justice" (4:58).</span><span style="color: red;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Hypocrisy</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Muslims
are further advised to "practice what they preach.” Muslims should not be
advising people to do things that they themselves do not do. This is another
sign of hypocrisy. "Oh you who believe! Why do you say that <a href="http://wh.ch/" target="_blank">wh.ch</a> you do
not? Grievously hateful is it, in the sight of Allah that you say that which
you do not" (Qur'an 61 -2-3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Muhammad
described the characteristics of a hypocrite: "Whenever he is entrusted,
he betrays his trust. Whenever he speaks, ho tells a lie. Whenever he makes a
covenant, he breaks it. Whenever he quarrels, he behaves in an evil and
insulting manner."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Justice and Forgiveness</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Before Islam, vengeance killings and
inter-tribal feuds were common and accepted. Islam broke this cycle by
instructing Muslims to seek equal justice only, and encouraged forgiveness as
the admirable high road.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">Oh you who believe! Stand out firmly for justice,
as witnesses to Allah, as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin; and
whether it be against rich or poor. For Allah can best protect both. Follow not
the lusts of your own hearts, lest you swerve, and if you distort justice or
decline to do justice, verily Allah is well acquainted with all that you do.
(Qur'an 4:135)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Eye for an Eye</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>The
rules of Islamic justice stopped the common practice of massive vengeance
killings, where a murder would be revenged through deaths of dozens of the
perpetrator's family and tribe members. Islam taught that justice must be
proportional to the harm done.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Even
with the rules of justice in place, the Qur'an reminds Muslims of the value and
benefits of forgiveness as opposed to punishment: "Lei them forgive and
overlook. Do you not wish that Allah should forgive you? For Allah is
Oft-Forgiving. Most Merciful" (24:22).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">The Three-Day Rule</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">It is an
established Muslim tradition based on Muhammad's example that no Muslim should
argue or keep away from another for an extended period of time. If Muslims have
a disagreement with each other, they may observe a brief cooling-off period.
However, as Muhammad instructed, "It is not permissible for a Muslim to be
estranged from his brother for more </span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">than three days, both of them turning away
from the other when they meet. The better of them is the one who is the first
to greet the other."</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Modesty and Humility</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Muslims are reminded that Allah is their
Creator, and that they should humbly submit to and worship Him Alone. In
English, the word "humility" is based on a Latin word for
"ground." Being humble means acting modestly and with respect,
avoiding arrogance and boasting. One is lowered to the ground, rather than put
up on a pedestal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>In
prayer, Muslims humbly prostrate to the ground, in symbolic recognition that
without Allah's constant guidance and support, we would be lost. The Qur'an
advises: "Call on your Lord with humility and in private, for Allah loves
not those who transgress beyond bounds" (7:55).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Modesty
<span>and Decency</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Modesty is an attitude, a demeanor; in
Arabic, "he term used for modesty is <i>haya, </i>which also means to be
bashful or shy—the opposite of arrogant. Both men and women are commanded in
Islam to be modest, to observe humility in our interactions with each other,
and to be quiet and humble in demeanor.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>The
Qur'an tells the story of the Prophet Luqman and the advice that he gave his
son:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">Oh my son! Establish regular prayer, enjoin
what is just, and forbid what is wrong, and bear with patient constancy
whatever befalls you, for this is firmness in the conduct of affairs. And swell
not your cheek for pride at men, nor walk in insolence through the earth, for
Allah loves not any arrogant boaster. And be moderate in your pace, and lower
your voice, for the harshest of sounds, without doubt, is the braying of the
donkey. (31:17-19)</span><span style="color: red;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>The
dress of a Muslim is a means to observe modesty, decency, and respect. But
beyond clothing and dress, Muslims try to be decent in their</span> <span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">behavior as
well. Foul language is discouraged, as is excessive joking and noisy banter.
Muslims strive toward humility in their worship of God and in their conduct
with others on earth.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">Fair Business Practices</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">In Islam, business and trade are highly
encouraged, as long as they arc conducted by lawful means and through lawful
channels. It is expected that any earnings be made through decent and honest
labor. A Muslim is to be self-supporting, and avoid becoming a liability on any
person or the society at large.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Business
practices must be conducted with frankness and honesty. Islam encourages that
contracts and agreements should be written down, and witnessed by two
trustworthy persons, so that, neither party later tries to take advantage of
the other or make false claims.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">Fact</span><span style="color: red;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; line-height: 150%;">Muslims are
encouraged to pay for services as soon as they are performed, and not to
withhold or delay payment. Muhammad instructed that when Muslims hire laborers
to do some work, they should "compensate them before the sweat
dries."</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white none repeat scroll 0% 0%; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Muslims
are forbidden from cheating, hiding defects in merchandise, exploitation,
monopoly, and fraud. There is a chapter of the Qur'an named AI-Mutaflifin, or
"Dealing in Fraud." It begins, "Woe to those that deal in fraud.
Those who, when they have to receive some measure from men, exact full measure,
but when they have to give by measure or weight to men, give less than
due" (83:1-3).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>In another section, the Qur'an
commands the Muslims: "Give just measure, and cause no loss to others by
fraud. And weigh with scales true and upright. And do not withhold things that
are justly due to men, nor do evil in the land, working mischief"
(26:181-3). It was common practice in ancient times to "tip the
scales" or to hide defective merchandise underneath a pile of quality
goods. These practices were strictly forbidden in Islam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">*Tugas B. Inggris 2 Semester 3. maaf lupa referensi dari mana </span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-50515591439047838942015-10-28T23:38:00.000-07:002015-10-28T23:38:55.179-07:00HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, EMBODIMENT AND THE QUESTION OF VULNERABILITY<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: small;">The general
conception of the body that underpins
most health psychology research derives from assumptions that underlie
psychology as a quasi-science. However, when applied to questions of
illness, these assumptions are worked through in a special way.
As well as sharing certain basic premises of the parent discipline,
health psychology takes as its questions problems defined by medicine,
including a particular attitude to the bodies of its clients. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">As a result,
health psychology journals are filled with articles that deal
with how patients cope with, recover
from, are liable to, or in some way think, talk or act in relation to
their having a particular diagnostic label attached to them.<a name='more'></a></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The body in
these terms is physically defined,
can be diagnosed, investigated and treated. Its natural variations (sex,
age, height, weight, and performance levels) can be
studied in relation to various psychological measures, as can its many
but specifiable forms of pathology. The correlate of the physical body
is, of course, the subjective self who inhabits it. This subjectivity
(conceptualized as self, feelings, or discourses) is by now a field
of study for health psychologists who provide accounts of particular
treatments. </span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">However,
recording how people perceive their own or others condition
assumes an approach that depends upon the assumption of a physical body
considered to pre-exist as object. For that reason, and in spite of
intentions to move away from the medical approach, subjectivist
positions
risk continuing to accept the body as being properly located in the
realm of biomedicine.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">No amount of
cross-correlations of physical and
psychological indices can ever provide this understanding,
which, I will argue,
is essential to a thorough going psychology of health. That is why
experimental
psychology is of limited help in addressing the key issue of health
psychology’s problematic: illness and healing. It is also why it falls
to health psychologists-among others, admittedly- to provide theories
of embodiment having implications for the rest of psychology as a whole.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">While no
longer a generalized object (a ‘thing’
which, gender permitting, we all share), has become a universal
issue for study in the social sciences.
It is against this background that health psychology will need to
examine
its position with regard to specific issues concerning embodiment and
to the wider debate about health care in society.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">Vulnerability and the ‘Doctor (psychologist)-Patient’
relationship</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">At the outset
of this chapter I said that health
psychology’s assumptions about the body are shaped by the moral and
ethical values that medicine has adopted. These values involve aspects
of the relationship of practitioner to patient, which are sidelined
by a focus upon issues of communication and control. These issues
concern,
among other things, the relation of suffering by practitioners
concerned.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Those health
psychologist who work in a clinical context might justify taking
this (clinical) attitude themselves.
But most health psychologists do not have the same role as the doctor,
and therefore are not justified in adopting a totalizing emotional
defiance
against suffering or death. Not having undergone the training that
produces
the idea of the body as object, they are not well placed to see that
being objective therapeutically.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Making the
latter point this way is actually to
understate something crucial-and also to distort it some what. It is not that we
experience the world with the body as a medium of perception
only, but that through our participation in the world we also help to
shape it. In the aesthetic fulfillment of life we may feel <span style="font-style: italic;">plenty</span>
– as with the course of things
done well, or with pleasure, alone and with others. With the onset of
disease we may feel <span style="font-style: italic;">lack</span>, deriving from a disruption to our
ability to signify with the body in this way.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">This notion
of <span style="font-style: italic;">plenty
and lack</span> is useful in showing that
being embodied is always more than being able to do things, important
as this might be. The loss of power to signify is the subject of many
illness accounts in which people with chronic disease speak of inability
to enjoy specific things like dancing or making love. Acknowledging
this, one must then recognize that the experience of illness is it self
gendered, but is constituted within social and institutional practices,
and hence is varying and changing. Any theory of embodiment in health
psychology will also have to be a social theory.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: small;">New Medical Technologies and Social Change: Values
and Ethics</span></b></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The idea of a
generalized physical body is also
maintained by medicine’s moral and ethical practices , with which
health psychologist align themselves. This related to the development
of the relationship of doctor to patient and to the institutionalization
of medical practice in the clinic and the hospital. The social world-a
world of changing values and identities-prescribes problems and invites
solutions that require that people engage with the world both
functionally
and expressively. Medical innovations create new areas of decision
making
for people with respect to their bodies.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">This means
that the problematic of health psychology,
too, is being defined by moral and ethical values that attach
to medicine as it is practiced in the modern world. It is not just what
it means to be ill that is socially defined, but what it means to be
treated and make a good recovery. We can imagine developments in these
two spheres-medicine and the social world- to be reaching out and
crass-crossing
each other. With this image in mind, it is possible to see the
intersections
of new medical interventions and changing social conditions as defining
the spaces where health psychology will continue to find it’s
problematic.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: small;">In talking
about these instances it might seem
that I am falling back upon examples that are relevant just because
they involve the (physical) body being altered in some way. This
appears to detract from the argument that what important is embodiment,
rather than ‘the body’ <span style="font-style: italic;">per se</span>. health psychology will have to
deal with problems like these – and others that we don’t yet know
about- if only because of the personal and social issues involved. In
conclusion, I would argue that the ‘issues of the body’ for health
psychology is one of commitment to practical theory, not one of
methodological
preferences. In the end, it is by virtue of our being embodied, as men,
women, patient, doctors and even psychologists, that we bear our
illnesses
and retain our grasp on the world of health. That is where we have to
begin.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">credited by <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','Arial';">Khoirotul Awwaliyah/PBI/Psi.Regular/3D</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-59466460596336264462015-10-28T23:31:00.001-07:002015-10-28T23:31:37.481-07:00PERBANDINGAN TEORI BELAJAR KOGNITIF DAN TEORI BELAJAR BEHAVIORISTIK<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Teori Belajar Behavioristik dan Teori Belajar
Kognitif</span></span>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Salah
satu teori belajar, yang merupakan teori awal tentang belajar
adalah Teori behaviorisme yaitu teori belajar yang lebih menekankan
pada tingkah laku manusia. Memandang individu sebagai makhluk reaktif
yang memberi respon terhadap lingkungan. Pengalaman dan pemeliharaan
akan membentuk perilaku mereka. Ada 3 jenis belajar menurut teori
behaviorisme
yaitu (1) Respondent Conditioning, (2) Operant Conditioning dan (3)
Observational Learning atau social cognitive Learning.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Teori
kognitif mengacu pada wacana psikologi kognitif, dan berupaya
menganalisis secara ilmiah proses mental dan struktur ingatan atau
cognition
dalam aktifitas belajar. Cognition diartikan sebagai aktifitas
mengetahui,
memperoleh, mengorganisasikan, dan menggunakan pengetahuan (Lefrancois,
1985). Proses kognitif telah menjadi penting di bidang penelitian
psikologi,
seperti psikologi perkembangan dan penelitian tetntang motivasi. Salah
satu faktornya ialah terbatasnya penjelasan mengenai aktivitas manusia
yang diberikan oleh behaviorisme.<a name='more'></a></span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Pembelajaran: Pandangan
Behavioristik dan Kognitif</span></span>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Pandangan
behavioris menegaskan bahwa pembelajaran merupakan perubahan
perilaku, yang dengannya seseorang bertindak dalam satu situasi
tertentu.
Para ahli seperti J. B. Watson, E. L. Thorndike, dan B. F. Skinner
dianggap
sebagai psikolog behaviorisme karena mereka memfokuskan hampir segala
hal pada perilaku yang dapat diamati dan perubahan-perubahan
behaviorisme.
Dalam kenyataan, banyak di antara behavioris awal bahkan menolak untuk
mendiskusikan konsep pemikiran atau emosi, karena pemikiran dan emosi
tidak dapat diobservasi secara langsung.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Sebaliknya,
para psikolog kognitif seperti Jean Piaget, Robert Claser,
John Anderson, dan David Ausubel mengatakan bahwa pembelajaran itu
sendiri
merupakan proses internal yang tidak dapat diobservasi secara langsung.
Pembelajaran merupakan perubahan dalam kemampuan seseorang untuk
merespon
satu situasi tertentu. Menurut pandangan kognitif, perubahan perilaku
yang para behavioris sebut sebagai pembelajaran hanya merupakan satu
refleksi dari perubahan internal. Sekali lagi berbeda dengan kalangan
behavioris, psikolog kognitif yang mengkaji pembelajaran tertarik pada
variabel-variabel yang tidak dapat diobservasi seperti pengetahuan,
makna, intensi, perasaan, kreativitas, pandangan, dan pemikiran.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: small;">Pandangan
behaviorisme dan kognitif berbeda dalam banyak hal penting,
dan perbedaan tersebut tampak dalam metode yang digunakan masing-masing
kelompok untuk mengkaji pembelajaran. Satu karya awal mengenai prinsip
pembelajaran behaviorisme dilakukan dengan menggunakan binatang dalam
setting laboratorium terkontrol. Kajian ini merupakan usaha untuk
mengidentifikasi
beberapa hukum pembelajaran umum yang akan berlaku pada semua organisme
yang lebih tinggi (termasuk manusia) tanpa memandang usia, intelegensi,
atau perbedaan individual. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hukum
yang mereka cari hendak digunakan untuk memprediksi dan mengendalikan
perubahan perilaku setiap organisme (Estes, 1975). Di sisi lain, para
psikolog kognitif lebih tertarik untuk menjelaskan bagaimana
pembelajaran
ada pada manusia dengan kemampuan dan usia yang berbeda. Mereka berusaha
menemukan bagaimana manusia yang berbeda memecahakan masalah,
mempelajari
konsep, menerima dan mengingat informasi, dan menyelesaikan banyak tugas
mental yang kompleks.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dengan
mempertimbangkan pandangan behaviorisme dan kognitif, diperoleh
definisi umum bahwa pembelajaran merupakan perubahan internal dalam
diri seseorang, pembentukan asosiasi baru, atau potensi untuk memberikan
respon baru. Pembelajaran merupakan perubahan yang relatif permanen
dalam kapabilitas seseorang. Definisi ini mengakui fakta bahwa
pembelajaran
merupakan proses yang berlangsung dalam diri seseorang (pandangan
kognitif),
namun juga menekankan pentingnya perubahan perilaku yang dapat
diobservasi
sebagai indikasi bahwa pembelajaran berlangsung (pandangan
behaviorisme).</span></div>
<br />
<ol><ol start="3" style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-weight: bold;">Kaitannya dengan Stimulus-Respon</span></span></li>
</ol>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Teori
behaviorisme dengan model hubungan stimulus-respon, mendudukkan
orang yang belajar sebagai individu yang pasif. Respon atau perilaku
tertentu dengan menggunakan metode pelatihan atau pembiasaan semata.
Munculnya perilaku akan semakin kuat bila diberikan penguatan dan akan
menghilang bila dikenai hukuman. Teori behaviorisme menjelaskan belajar
itu adalah perubahan perilaku yang dapat diamati, diukur dan dinilai
secara konkret. Perubahan terjadi melalui rangsangan (stimulans) yang
menimbulkan hubungan perilaku reaktif (respon) berdasarkan hukum-hukum
mekanistik. Stimulans tidak lain adalah lingkungan belajar anak, baik
yang internal maupun eksternal yang menjadi penyebab belajar. Sedangkan
respons adalah akibat atau dampak, berupa reaksi fisik terhadap
stimulans.
Belajar berarti penguatan ikatan, asosiasi, sifat dan kecenderungan
perilaku S-R (Stimulus-Respon).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Adapun
pandangan kognitif, melihat seseorang sebagai individu yang aktif.
Mereka
memulai pengalaman yang membawa pada pembelajaran, mencari informasi
untuk memecahkan masalah, mengatur dan mengorganisir ulang apa yang
sudah mereka ketahui untuk mencapai pembelajaran baru. Bukan secara
pasif dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa lingkungan. Manusia secara aktif
memilih,
menentukan, mempraktekkan, memperhatikan, mengabaikan, dan membuat
banyak
respon lain ketika mereka mengejar tujuan. Salah satu pengaruh paling
penting dalam proses ini adalah apa yang individu bawa pada situasi
pembelajaran.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Baik
para ahli teori behaviorisme maupun kognitif percaya bahwa penguatan
merupakan hal penting dalam pembelajaran, meskipun dengan alasan yang
berbeda. Penguatan akan meningkatkan keseringan merespon, tetapi
penghapusan
konsekuensi penguatan akan menurunkan keseringan itu. Behavioris
menegaskan
bahwa penguatan memperkuat respon. Sedangkan para ahli kognitif melihat
penguatan sebagai sumber tahapan balik. Tangggapan balik ini memberi
informasi mengenai apa yang biasanya terjadi ketika perilaku diulang.
Dalam pandangan kognitif, penguatan pelajar merupakan reduksi hal yang
tidak pasti yang menghasilkan satu makna pengertian dan pemahaman.
Dengan
kata lain, penguatan berasal dari konstruksi satu cara memahami yang
efektif atas dunia dan tujuan-tujuan yang dicapai.</span></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Aplikasi
teori behaviorisme dalam pembelajaran :</span></span></div>
<br />
<ul><ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Mementingkan
pengaruh lingkungan.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Mementingkan
bagian-bagian (elementalistik).</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Mementingkan
peranan reaksi.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Mengutamakan
mekanisme terbentuknya hasil belajar
melalui prosed</span><span>ur s</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">timulus respon.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Mementingkan
peranan kemampuan yang sudah terbentuk
sebelumnya.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Mementingkan
pembentukan kebiasan melalui latihan
dan pengulangan.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Hasil
belajar yang dicapai adalah munculnya perilaku
yang diinginkan</span></span></li>
</ol>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Implikasi
teori behaviorisme dalam pembelajaran :</span></span></div>
<br />
<ul><ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Pembelajaran
adalah upaya alih pengetahuan dari guru
kepada siswa.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Tujuan
pembelajaran lebih ditekankan pada bagaimana
menambah pengetahuan.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Pembelajaran
mengikuti aturan kurikulum secara ketat
dan belah lebih ditekankan</span><span> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">pada keterampilan
mengungkapkan kembali </span><span>apa</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';"> yang dipelajari.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Kegagalan
dalam belajar atau ketidakmampuan dalam
penambahan pengetahuan dikategorikan sebagai kesalahan yang perlu
dihukum,
dan keberhasilan atau kemampuan dikategorikan sebagai bentuk perilaku
yang pantas diberi hadiah.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Evaluasi
lebih ditekankan pada respons pasif</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">.</span></span></li>
</ol>
</ul>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Aplikasi
teori belajar kognitif dalam pembelajaran:</span></span></div>
<br />
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Guru
harus memahami bahwa siswa bukan sebagai orang
dewasa yang mudah dalam proses berpikirnya,</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Anak
usia pra sekolah dan awal sekolah dasar belajar
menggunakan benda-benda konkret, keaktifan siswa sangat dipentingkan,
guru menyusun materi dengan menggunakan pola atau logika tertentu dari
sederhana ke kompleks,</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Guru
menciptakan pembelajaran yang bermakna,</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Memperhatikan
perbedaan individual siswa untuk mencapai
keberhasilan siswa.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Implikasi
teori kognitif dalam pembelajaran:</span></span></div>
<br />
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Bahasa
dan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">cara</span><span> berfikir anak berbeda dengan orang
dewasa. Oleh
karena itu guru mengajar dengan menggunakan bahasa yang sesuai dengan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">cara</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">
berfikir anak.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Anak-anak
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">akan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';"> belajar lebih baik apabila dapat menghadapi
lingkungan
dengan baik.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Bahan
yang harus dipelajari anak hendaknya dirasakan
baru tetapi tidak asing.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Berikan
peluang agar anak belajar sesuai tahap perkembangannya.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Di
dalam kelas, anak-anak hendaknya diberi peluang
untuk saling berbicara dan diskusi dengan teman-temanya.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan
teori belajar behaviorisme</span><span> :</span></span></div>
<br />
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Guru </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">tidak</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">
banyak memberikan ceramah, tetapi instruksi singkat
yang diikuti contoh-contoh baik dilakukan sendiri maupun melalui
stimulasi.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Bahan
pelajaran disusun secara hirarki dari yang
sederhana sampai pada yang kompleks.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Pengulangan
dan latihan digunakan supaya perilaku
yang diinginkan dapat menjadi kebiasaan.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Metode
behavioristik ini sangat cocok untuk pemerolehan
kemampuan yang membutuhkan praktek dan pembiasaan</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kekurangan
teori belajar behaviorisme:</span></span></div>
<br />
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Pembelajaran
siswa yang berpusat pada guru (teacher
centered learning), bersifat mekanistik, dan hanya berorientasi pada
hasil yang dapat diamati dan diukur.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Murid
dipandang pasif, perlu motivasi dari luar,
dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh penguatan yang diberikan guru.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Murid
hanya mendengarkan dengan tertib penjelasan
guru dan menghafalkan </span><span>apa</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';"> yang didengar dan
dipandang sebagai cara belajar
yang efektif.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Penggunaan
hukuman yang sang</span><span>at dihindari oleh para tokoh beh</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">avioristik
justru dianggap metode yang paling efektif
untuk menertibkan siswa.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kelebihan
teori belajar kognitif:</span></span></div>
<br />
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Menjadikan
siswa lebih kreatif dan mandiri.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Membantu
siswa memahami bahan belajar secara lebih
mudah</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Dapat
menjelaskan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Higher-Order Functions</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">,
karena melibatkan proses mental</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Membantu
siswa untuk dapat mengontrol perilakunya
sendiri</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Metode
belajar kognitif ini menggunakan model </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Information
Processing</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">,</span><span> yang dapat meningkatkan kapasitas
berfikir dengan
memproses pengetahuan serta mengolah informasi yang diekstraksi dari
peristiwa-peristiwa yang ada dilingkungan sekitar. Seperti suara atau
kata, gerakan benda, dan gambar.</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Kekurangan
teori belajar kognitif:</span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
<br />
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Teori
tidak menyeluruh untuk semua tingkat pendidikan.</span></span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">Sulit
di</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">praktik</span><span>kan khususnya di</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">tingkat
dasar</span></span></li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 21pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">IMPLIKASI TEORI BELAJAR
KOGNITIF DALAM PROSES BELAJAR MENGAJAR.</span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Jika
ada kurikulum yang menekankan pada filosofi pendidikan yang
berorientasi
pada pembelajar (murid) sebagai pusat, learner-centered, maka model
kurikulum seperti itulah yang diinspirasi dari pandangan Piaget.
Sedangkan,
beberapa metode pengajaran yang diterapkan pada kebanyakan sekolah di
Amerika waktu itu seperti metode ceramah, demonstrasi, presentasi
audi-visual,
pengajaran dengan menggunakan mesin dan peralatan, pembelajaran
terprogram,
bukanlah merupakan metode yang dikembangkan oleh Piaget.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt;">
Implikasi dari teori piaget
dalam pembelajaran adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
a.
Memusatkan perhatian pada proses berpikir anak, bukan sekadar hasilnya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
b.
Menekankan pada pentingnya peran siswa dalam berinisiatif sendiri
dan</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 49pt; text-align: justify;">
keterlibatannya
secara aktif dalam pembelajaran. Dalam pembelajaran
di kelas, pengetahuan diberikan tanpa adanya tekanan, melainkan anak
didorong menemukan sendiri melalui preses interaksi dengan
lingkungannya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 49pt; text-align: justify;">
c.
Memaklumi adanya perbedaan individual dalam
hal kemajuan perkembangan sehingga guru harus melakukan upaya khusus
untuk mengatur kegiatan kelas dalam bentuk individu-individu atau
kelompok-kelompok
kecil.</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35pt;">
Menurut
Piaget (William C. Crain) adalah benar bahwa belajar tidak
harus berpusat pada guru atau tenaga kependidikan, tetapi anak harus
lebih aktif. Oleh karenanya peserta didik harus dibimbing agar aktif
menemukan sesuatu yang dipelajarinya. Konsekuensinya materi yang
dipelajari
harus menarik minat belajar peserta didik dan menantang sehingga mereka
asyik dan terlibat dalam proses pembelajaran. Kesadaran anak akan
keterlibatannya
dalam proses pembelajaran perlu diarahkan guru. Oleh karena itu guru
atau pendidik harus terlibat bersama peserta didik dalam proses belajar
itu.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Selain
itu Piaget juga mengisyaratkan bahwa kemampuan berpikir anak
dengan orang dewasa itu berbeda. Implikasinya berarti bahwa sekuensi
(urutan) bahan pembelajaran dan metode pembelajaran harus menjadi
perhatian
utama. Anak akan sulit memahami bahan pelajaran jika sekuensi bahan
pelajaran itu lomcat-loncat.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Implikasi
dari teori piaget lainnya adalah dalam proses pembelajaran
guru atau pendidik harus memperhatikan tahapan perkembangan kognitif
peserta didik.</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Berdasarkan
teori Piaget, pembelajaran inkuiri cocok bila diterapkan
dalam kegiatan pembelajaran karena inkuiri menyandarkan pada dua sisi
yang sama pentingnya, yaitu sisi proses dan hasil belajar. Proses
belajar
diarahkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir, sedangkan sisi hasil
belajar diarahkan untuk mengkontruksi pengetahuan dan penguasaan materi
pelajaran baru. Selain itu, yang dinilai dalam pembelajaran inkuiri
adalah proses menemukan sendiri hal baru dan proses adaptasi yang
berkesinambungan
secara tepat dan serasi antara hal baru dengan struktur kognitif yang
telah dimiliki siswa.</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Penerapan
teori Bruner yang terkenal dalam pendidikan adalah kurikulum
spiral dimana materi pelajaran yang sama dapat diberikan mulai dari
sekolah dasar sampai perguruan tinggi, tetapi disesuaikan dengan tingkat
perkembangan kognitif peserta didik. Artinya menunutut adanya
pengulangan-pengulangan.
Menurut Bruner belajar untuk sesuatu tidak usah ditunggu sampai
peserta didik mencapai tahap perkembangan tertentu, yang penting bahan
pelajaran harus ditata dengan baik maka dapat diberikan kepadanya.
Dengan
kata lain perkembangan kognitif seseorang dapat ditingkatkan dengan
jalan mengatur bahan belajar yang akan dipelajari dan menyajikannya
sesuai dengan tingkat perkembangannya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Menurut
Djamarah dan Zain implikasi konsep belajar <span style="font-style: italic;">discovery</span>
dalam pembelajaran diantaranya <span style="font-weight: bold;">:</span></div>
<ul><ol style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">
Simulation</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">,
guru mulai bertanya dengan mengajukan persoalan, atau menyuruh anak
didik untuk membaca atau mendengarkan uraian yang memuata uraian
permasalahan. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Problem
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Statement</span><span>, anak didik diberi kesempatan mengidentifikasi
berbagai permasalahan.
Sebagian besar memilihnya yang dipandang paling menarik dan fleksibel
untuk dipecahakan. Permasalahan yang dipilih itu selanjutnya harus
dirumuskan
dalam bentuk pertanyaan, atau hipotesis, yakni </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">pernyataan sebagai</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';"> jawaban sementara atas
pertanyaan yang di ajukan. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Data</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">collection</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">, Untuk menjawab
pertanyaan atau membuktikan benar tidaknya hipotesis
ini, anak didik diberi kesempatan untuk mengumpulkan berbagai
informasi yang relavan, membaca literature,m mengamati obyek,
wawancara
dengan nara sumber, melakukan uji coba sendiri, dan sebagainya. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Data</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">prossesing</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">. Semua informasi hasil
bacaan, wawancara observasi, dan sebagainya,
semunya diolah, diacak, diklasifikasikn, ditabulasi, bahkan apabila
perlu dihitung dengan </span><span>cara</span><span> tertentu serta ditafsirkan pada tingkat kepercayaan
tertentu. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">
Verfication</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">,
atau pembuktian. Berasarkan hasil pengolahan dan tafsiran, atau
informasi yang ada, pernyataan atau hipotesis yang telah dirumuskan
terdahulu itu kemudian dicek, apakah terjawab atau tidak, apakah
terbukti
atau tidak. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-style: italic;">Generalization</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial';">. Tahap selanjutnya
berdasarkan verfikasi tadi, anak didik belajar
menarik kesimpulan atau generalisasi tertentu.</span></li>
</ol>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
Pendekatan
teori belajar kognitif ini lebih menekankan arti penting dari proses
internal atau mental manusia. Dalam pandangan para ahli psikologi
kognitif,
tingkah laku manusia yang tampak tidak dapat diukur dan diterangkan
tanpa melibatkan proses mental seperti, motivasi, kesengajaan, keyakinan
dan sebagainya.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
Meskipun
pendekatan Teori belajar Kognitif sering dipertentangkan dengan
pendekatan
Teori Belajar Behavioristik, tidak berarti Teori Belajar Kognitif anti
terhadap aliran Behavior. Hanya menurut para ahli Teori Belajar
Kognitif,
aliran bihavorisme itu tidak lengkap sebagai sebuah teori psikologi.
Sebab tidak memperhatikan proses kejiwaan yang berdimensi ranah cipta
seperti berfikir ; mempertimbangkan pilihan dan mengambil keputusan.
Aliran behavior juga tidak mau tahu ranah rasa. </div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-indent: 36pt;">
Dalam
perspektif teori belajar kognitif, belajar pada asasnya adalah peristiwa
mental, bukan peristiwa behavioral.</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" name="0.3_table01"></a></span>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-70548043545151117582015-10-28T23:24:00.000-07:002015-12-22T18:37:35.350-08:00Learning Concept Psychology Cognitive Theory JEAN PIAGET & JEROME BRUNER <br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Piaget
mengemukakan bahwa Inteligensi adalah ciri bawaan yang dinamis.
Sebab tindakan yang cerdas akan berubah saat organisme itu makin matang
secara biologis dan mendapat pengalaman. Inteligensi adalah bagian
integral
dari setiap organisme karena setiap organisme yang hidup selalu mencari
kondisi yang kondusif untuk keberlangsungan hidup. Bagaimana kecerdasan
memanifestasikan dirinya pada waktu tertentu akan selalu bervariasi
sesuai kondisi yang ada. Teori Piaget sering disebut sebagai <span style="font-style: italic;">Epistemology Genetic</span>, karena teori
ini mendasari pada hereditas
atau genetic yang dibawa oleh orang tua. Istilah genetik yang dimaksud
mengacu pada pertumbuhan developmental warisan biologi. </div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Piaget
memandang bahwa proses berpikir sebagai aktivitas gradual dari
fungsi intelektual dari pemikiran yang konkret menuju pemikiran yang
abstrak. Piaget meneliti perkembangan intelektual berdasarkan struktur
yang terbentuk didalam individu akibat interaksinya dengan lingkungan.
Inteligensi pada umumnya dapat diartikan sebagai kemampuan psikofisik
untuk mereaksi rangsangan atau menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungan
dengan
cara yang tepat (Reber, 1988). Jadi Inteligensi sebenarnya bukan
persoalan
kualitas otak saja, melainkan juga kualitas organ-organ tubuh. Akan
tetapi, memang harus diakui bahwa peran otak dalam hubungannya dengan
inteligensi manusia lebih menonjol daripada peran organ-organ tubuh
lainnya. Karena otak merupakan “Menara Pengontrol” hampir seluruh
aktivitas manusia.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Teori Belajar dalam
Perkembangan Psikologi Kognitif Jean Piaget</span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"> </span></span> </div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Piaget
membagi Inteligensi menjadi 3 aspek, yaitu :</div>
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Scheme
</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">atau disebut juga struktur,</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;"> adalah suatu pola </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">tingkah
laku yang dapat diulang. Scheme berhubungan
dengan reflex bawaan seperti bernafas, makan, minum, dan struktur
mental
yang dapat diamati dan yang masih sukar untuk diamati.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Content
atau disebut juga isi, yaitu pola tingkah
lakku spesifik saat individu dihadapkan pada suatu permasalahan.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Function
atau disebut juga fungsi, adalah </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">cara</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
individu dalam mencapai kemajuan intelektual berupa
kecakapan organisasi dan kecakapan adaptasi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
Adaptasi terhadap lingkungan dilakukan melalui 2
proses </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">yaitu :</span> assimilasi dan akomodasi. Dalam
proses asimilasi
seseorang menggunakan struktur atau kemampuan yang sudah ada untuk
menanggapi
masalah yang dihadapinya dalam lingkungan. Dan proses akomodasi
seseorang
memerlukan modifikasi struktur mental yang ada untuk mengadakan respon
terhadap tantangan lingkungan.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Dapat
dikatakan bahwa anak yang sedang mengalami perkembangan, struktur
dan konten intelektualnya mengalami perubahan serta fungsi adaptasinya
akan tersusun sehingga mempunyai struktur psikologis yang menentukan
kecakapan berpikir anak. Maka Piaget mengartikan bahwa pertumbuhan
intelektual
terjadi karena adanya proses yang kontinu dari satu kondisi yang stabil
atau imbang.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Piaget
mengidentifikasi empat factor yang mempengaruhi transisi tahap
perkembangan anak, yaitu; (1.) Kematangan, (2.) Pengalaman fisik atau
lingkungan, (3.) Transmisi social, (4.) Self Regulation atau
Equilibrium.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Selanjutnya
Teori Piaget membagi tingkat perkembangan Kognisi anak
dengan empat tahapan, yaitu :</div>
<ol style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat
sensorimotori (Dari lahir sampai sekitar
usia 2 tahun)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Pada
periode ini anak belajar mengenali objek dan
bagaimana ia memanipulasikan objek tersebut. Dia juga belajar memahami
arti dari ruang dan waktu namun belum memiliki peralatan konseptual
yang memadai. Ia hanya dapat mengetahui hal-hal yang dapat ditangkap
oleh inderanya.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat
Praoperasional (Dari usia 2 tahun sampai
sekitar usia 7 tahun)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Pada
periode ini anak mulai berpikir dengan kategori-kategori
sederhana. Anak dapat menggambarkan atau menunjukkan objek secara
simbolis,
dan dapat menanggapi permanensi objeknya, sekalipun objeknya tidak
hadir.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat
Operasi K</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">onkret (Dari Usia 7 tahun sampai sekitar usia </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">11
tahun)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Selama
periode ini anak dapat mengetahui symbol-simbol
matematis. Dia terikat erat dengan objek dan peristiwa yang muncul juga
dapat menguasai konsep konservasi dari massa, panjang dan isi. Pada
periode ini anak mulai mengurangi sifat Egosentrienya dan lebih
menonjolkan
sifat sociocentrisnya, seperti membentuk Peer Group.</span></div>
<ol start="4" style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tingkat
Operasi Formal (Dari usia 11 </span>tahun <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">dan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">masa </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">sesudahnya)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Selama
periode terakhir dari operasi formal, kapabilitas
kedewasaan dalam penalaran, daya abstraksi dan berpikir secara hipotesis
anak muncul secara berangsur-angsur. Pada periode ini ia dapat
memberikan
hipotesa, statement dan pemecahan masalah berdasarkan data-data yang
konkret. Ia telah dapat memisahkan factor-faktor yang menyangkut dirinya
dan mengkombinasikan dengan factor-faktor lain diluar dirinya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Teori Belajar Discovery
Learning Jerome Bruner</span>
<br />
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 57pt;">
Belajar
merupakan aktifitas yang berproses, tentu didalamnya terjadi
perubahan-perubahan yang bertahap. Perubahan-perubahan tersebut timbul
melalui tahap-tahap yang antara satu dan lainnya bertalian secara
berurutan
dan fungsional. Yang menjadikan dasar ide teori Jerome Bruner ialah
pendapat Piaget yang menyatakan bahwa anak harus berperan secara aktif
dalam belajar di kelas. Oleh karena itu, konsep pembelajaran ini secara
sadar mengembangkan proses belajar siswa yang mengarah kepada aspek
jiwa dan aspek raga. Sesuai dengan pengertian belajar itu sendiri yaitu
: Serangkaian kegiatan jiwa raga untuk memperoleh perubahan tingkah
laku sebagai hasil dari pengalaman individu dalam interaksi dengan
linkungannya
yang menyangkut kognitif, efektif, dan psikomotorik.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Dalam
konsep belajar menurut Jerome Bruner ada tiga tahap yang ditempuh
oleh siswa, yaitu: Tahap Informasi (tahap penerimaan materi), Tahap
Transformasi (tahap pengubahan materi) dan Tahap Evaluasi (tahap
penilaian
materi). Dan konsep ini merupakan konsep belajar yang menentang konsep
belajar aliran behavioristik. Nasution menjelaskan bahwa ketiga tahapan
konsep penemuan Jerome Bruner tersebut saling berkaitan di antaranya:</div>
<ol style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tahap
Informasi (tahap penerimaan materi)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam
tahap ini disetiap pelajaran kita proleh sejumlah
informasi, ada yang menambah pengetahuan yang telah kita miliki, ada
yang memperhalus dan memperdalamnya, ada pula informasi yang
bertentangan
dengan apa yang telah kita ketahui sebelumnya , misalnya tidak ada
energi
yang lenyap.</span></div>
<ol start="2" style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tahap T</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">ransformasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
(tahap pengubahan materi)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam
tahap ini informasi yang kita terima itu harus
dianalisis , diubah atau ditransformasi kebentuk yang lebih abstrak
atau konseptual agar dapat digunakan untuk hal-hal yang lebih luas.
Dalam hal ini bantuan guru sangat diperlukan.</span></div>
<ol start="3" style="list-style: decimal outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Tahap E</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">va</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">luasi
(tahap penilaian materi)</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam
tahapan ini informasi yang diperoleh itu dinilai
seberapa besar pengetahuan yang diperoleh dan ditransformasikan
itu dapat dimanfaatkan untuk memahami gejala-gejala lain. </span></div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Bruner
adalah tokoh yang mencetuskan konsep belajar penemuan (discovery),
Beliau juga seseorang pengikut setia teori kognitif, khususnya dalam
studi perkembangan fungsi kognitif, dan menandai perkembangan
kognitif manusia. Menurut Bruner perkembangan kognitif seorang anak
terjadi melalui tiga tahap yang ditentukan dengan cara melihat
lingkungan,
yaitu tahap <span style="font-style: italic;">enaktif,
ikonik</span> dan <span style="font-style: italic;">simbolik</span>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Tahap
<span style="font-style: italic;">enaktif</span> pada tahap ini anak
didik melakukan aktivitas-aktivitas
dalam usaha memahami lingkungan sekitarnya. Peserta didik melakukan
observasi dengan cara mengalami secara langsung suatu realitas. Artinya,
dalam memahami dunia sekitar, anak menggunakan pengetahuan motorik.
Misalnya, melalui gigitan, sentuhan, pegangan, dan sebagainnya. </div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Tahap
<span style="font-style: italic;">ikonik</span>
pada tahap ini anak didik melihat dunia melalui gambar-gambar dan
visualisasi
verbal, dalam memahami dunia sekitarnya. Anak belajar melalui bentuk
perumpamaan (tampil) dan perbandingan (komparasi). </div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Tahap
<span style="font-style: italic;">simbolik</span>
pada tahap ini peserta didik anak didik mempunyai gagasan-gagasan
abstrak
yang banyak dipengaruhi bahasa dan logika serta komunikasi dilakukan
dengan pertolongan sistem symbol. Semakin dewasa seseorang maka system
symbol ini semakin dominan. Peserta didik telah mampu memahami
gagasan-gagasan
abstrak. Peserta didik membuat abstraksi berupa teoti-teori, penafsiran,
analisis dan sebagainya terhadap realitas yang telah diamati dan
dialami.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
The
Act Of Discovery Learning Jerome Bruner terbagi dalam : </div>
<ul style="list-style: disc outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">Pertama</span> Perkembangan intelektual ditandai
dengan adanya
kemajuan dalam menanggapi suatu rangsangan<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">K</span>edua<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
Peningkatan pengetahuan tergantung pada perkembangan
system penyimpanan informasi secara realis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">K</span>etiga<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
Perkembangan intelektual meliputi perkembangan kemampuan
berbicara pada diri sendiri atau pada orang </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">lain</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
melalui kata-kata atau lambang tentang apa yang
telah dilakukan dan apa yang akan dilakukan. Hal ini berhubungan
dengan
kepercayaan pada diri sendiri</span>. </li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">K</span>eempat<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
Interaksi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;"> secara sistematis antara pembimbing, guru atau orang
tua dengan anak diperlukan bagi perkembangan kognitifnya. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">kelima</span> Bahasa adalah kunci perkembangan
kognitif, karena
bahasa merupakan alat komunikasi antara manusia. Bahasa diperlukan
untuk
mengkomunikasikan suatu konsep kepada orang lain<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">. </span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic;">K</span>eenam<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">
Perkembangan kognitif ditandai dengan kecakapan
untuk mengemukakan beberapa alternative secara simultan, memilih
tindakan
yang tepat, dapat memberikan prioritas yang berurutan dalam berbagai
situasi.</span></li>
</ul>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-76146230814611302412015-10-28T23:19:00.001-07:002015-10-28T23:19:46.934-07:00Learning Cognitive Theory<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a>Teori-teori
belajar bermunculan seiring dengan perkembangan teori
psikologi. Salah satu diantara teori belajar yang terkenal adalah teori
belajar behaviorisme dengan tokohnya Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, William
McDogall, B.F. Skinner, Thorndike, John Broadus Watson. Dikatakan bahwa,
teori-teori belajar hasil eksperimen mereka secara prinsipal bersifat
behavioristik dalam arti lebih menekankan timbulnya perilaku jasmaniah
yang nyata dan dapat diukur.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Namun
seiring dengan kemajuan zaman dan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan,
teori tersebut mempunyai beberapa kelemahan, yang menuntut adanya
pemikiran
teori belajar yang baru. Dikatakan bahwa, teori-teori behaviorisme itu
bersifat otomatis-mekanis dalam menghubungkan stimulus dan respon,
sehingga
terkesan seperti kinerja mesin atau robot, padahal setiap manusia
memiliki
kemampuan mengarahkan diri (<span style="font-style: italic;">Self-direction</span>)
dan pengendalian diri (<span style="font-style: italic;">Self control</span>)
yang bersifat kognitif, dan karenanya ia bisa
menolak respon jika ia tidak menghendaki, misalnya karena lelah atau
berlawanan dengan kata hati, dan proses belajar manusia yang
dianalogikan
dengan perilaku hewan itu sangat sulit diterima, mengingat mencoloknya
perbedaan karakter fisik dan psikis antara manusia dan hewan. Hal ini
dapat diidentifikasi sebagai kelemahan Teori Behaviorisme.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Dari
kelemahan-kelemahan yang terdapat dalam Teori Behaviorisme dapat
diambil suatu pertanyaan, “Upaya apa yang akan dilakukan oleh para
Ahli Psikologi Pendidikan dalam mengatasi kelemahan teori tersebut ?’’
Realitas ini sangat penting untuk dibahas dalam makalah ini. Untuk itu
pembahasan makalah ini diangkat untuk mengungkap masalah-masalah
tersebut. </div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Berdasarkan
tulisan-tulisan dalam berbagai literatur, ditemukan bahwa
para ahli telah menemukan teori baru tentang belajar yaitu Teori Belajar
Kognitif yang lebih mampu meyakinkan dan menyumbangkan pemikiran besar
demi perkembangan dan kemajuan proses belajar sebagai lanjutan dari
Teori Behaviorisme tersebut.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
Selanjutnya
berangkat dari latar belakang masalah tersebut di atas,
tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai tema “Teori Belajar Kognitif “</div>
<ol start="2" style="list-style: decimal outside none;"></ol>
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Awal Pertumbuhan Teori
Belajar Kognitif</span>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 55pt;">
Dalam
hal pendidikan, tentu tidak akan terlepas dari kata belajar,
dimana belajar adalah suatu kata yang sudah akrab dengan semua lapisan
masyarakat. Bagi pelajar atau mahasiswa kata <span style="font-style: italic;">“belajar”</span> merupakan kata yang tidak asing. Bahkan sudah
merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisah dari semua kegiatan mereka dalam
menunut ilmu dilembaga pendidikan formal. Kegiatan belajar mengajar
mereka lakukan setiap waktu sesuai dengan keinginan. Entah malam hari,
sore hari atau pagi hari. Dari dulu hingga sekarang para ahli psikologi
dan pendidikan tidak bosan-bosannya membicarakan masalah belajar.
Penelitian
demi penilitian sudah pula dilakukan. Berbagai teori belajar sudah
tercipta
sebagai hasil dari penelitian.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19pt;">
Terdapat
beberapa ahli yang belum merasa puas terhadap penemuan-penemuan
sebelumnya mengenai belajar sebagai proses hubungan stimulus-reponse-<wbr></wbr>reinforcement.
Dari sinilah muncul Psikologi Kognitif, dengan lahirnya teori belajar
Gestalt. Teori Psikologi Gestalt menekankan bahasan pada masalah
konfigurasi,
struktur dan pemetaan dalam pengalaman. Suatu konsep yang penting dalam
Psikologi Gestalt adalah tentang <span style="font-style: italic;">Pikiran-Insight-‘Aha’</span>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19pt;">
Menurut
pandangan Gestaltis, semua kegiatan belajar menggunakan Insight
atau pemahaman terhadap hubungan antar bagian dan keseluruhan melalui
pengaturan kesan menurut bentuk, ukuran, warna, dll. Insight merupakan
inti dalam belajar yang lebih memahami lagi tingkat kejelasan atau
keberartian
dari apa yang diamati daripada dengan Reward-Punishment. Dalam kegiatan
belajar, para Psikolog Gestalt terkenal dengan studi mereka mengenai
wawasan atau Insight pada Kera dan Simpanse, dan perluasan teori mereka
kedalam bentuk cara berfikir yang produktif pada subjek manusia.
Insightful
learning memiliki pengertian bahwa belajar merupakan lebih mendalami
pengertian bukan hanya sekedar menghafal.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19pt;">
Peletak
dasar Psikologi Gestalt adalah Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
yang meneliti tentang pengamatan dan Problem Solving. Kemudian diikuti
oleh Kurt Koffka (188-1941) yang menguraikan tentang hukum-hukum
penalaran.
Kemudian diteruskan oleh Wolgang Kohler (1887-1959) yang meneliti
tentang
Insight pada Simpanse.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19pt;">
Bertolak
dari penemuan Gestalt, Kurt Lewin (1892-1947) mengembangkan
suatu teori belajar Kognitif dengan menaruh perhatian kepada kepribadian
dan psikologi sosial. Lewin berpendapat bahwa tingkah laku manusia
merupakan
hasil interaksi antara tujuan, kebutuhan dan tekanan jiwa dalam diri
individu dengan tantangan dan permasalahan. Menurutnya belajar
berlangsung
sebagai akibat dari perubahan dalam struktur kognitif. Lewin memberikan
peranan yang lebih penting pada motivasi dari Reward.</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19pt;">
<span style="font-size: 14pt; font-weight: bold;">Prinsip dasar Teori Belajar
Kognitif</span>
</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
Sebagai
definisi sementara ini, kita boleh mengatakan bahwa pokok
permasalahan psikologi adalah studi ilmiah mengenai perilaku makhluk
hidup dalam hubungan mereka dengan dunia luar (Koffka, 1925). Sementara
itu menurut pendapat traditional, belajar adalah menambah dan
mengumpulkan
sejumlah pengetahuan. Lain lagi dengan pendapat para ahli pendidikan
modern yang merumuskan perbuatan belajar adalah <span style="font-style: italic;">Suatu bentuk pertumbuhan atau perubahan dalam diri seseorang
yang
dinyatakan dalam cara bertingkah laku yang baru berkat pengalaman dan
latihan </span>(Shaleh, 2004). Dalam pengertian lainnya, belajar adalah
peristiwa mental yang mempengaruhi perubahan tingkah laku yang
disebabkan
karena pengalamannya secara berulang-ulang dalam suatu situasi yang
membentuk pola baru dalam kecakapan, pembawaan, kematangan, kepandaian
atau kebiasaan.</div>
<br />
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
Melalui beberapa pengertian di atas dapat dibagi prinsip dasar Psikologi
Kognitif dalam 5 subjek pembelajaran, yaitu :</div>
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Persepsi</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Atensi</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Memori</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Pem</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">ikiran</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify;">
Penjelasannya
sebagai berikut :</div>
<ol style="list-style: lower-alpha outside none;">
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Pe</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">ngertian
pe</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">r</span><span>s</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">epsi adalah</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;"> proses
mengetahui atau mengenali objek dan kejadian
objektif dengan bantuan indera. Ditambah dengan penambahan arti-arti
yang berasal dari pengalaman masa lalu. Istilah persepsi biasanya
digunakan
untuk mengungkapkan tentang pengalaman terhadap suatu benda ataupun
suatu kejadian yang dialami. Dengan kata lain, persepsi adalah proses
yang menggabungkan dan mengorganisasikan data-data penginderaan kita
untuk dikembangkan sedemikian rupa sehingga kita dapat menyadari
hal-hal
disekeliling kita. Termasuk sadar akan diri kita sendiri.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Atensi
atau kesiapan adalah suatu proses yang mereaksi
secara istimewa terhadap suatu rangsangan. Dengan kata lain, Atensi
adalah perhatian dengan menyesuaikan organ-organ </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">penginderaan
dan sistem syaraf sentral bagi stimulus-stimulus
yang datang. Perhatian adalah pemusatan tenaga atau kekuatan jiwa
tertuju
kepada suatu objek dengan mendayagunakan kesadaran untuk menyertai
suatu
aktifitas.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Pengertian
memori adalah ingatan atau daya ingatan.
Yang merupakan suatu fungsi yang terlibat dalam mengenang atau meng</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">alami
lagi pengalaman masa lalu yang dapat diingat
kembali. Proses ingatan ini dapat diukur dengan Recall, Reproduksi,
Recognition dan Relearning.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Bahasa
dapat menjadi tolak ukur dalam memahami kualitas
berfikir anak. Karena bahasa memiliki dua fungsi utama, yaitu;
mengembangkan
kemampuan berfikir dan merupakan mekanisme atau bagian dari proses
untuk
berfikir. Bahasa </span><span>memungkinkan individu untuk
membayangkan hal yang
abstrak dan fleksibel, memanipulasi, menciptakan ide baru dan berbagi
ide dengan orang lain.</span></li>
<li style="line-height: 18pt; margin-left: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">Pemikiran
dapat diartikan sebagai kondisi letak hubungan
antar-bagian pengetahuan yang telah ada dalam diri yang dikontrol oleh
akal</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;">. Berpikir berarti meletakkan hubungan antar-bagian
pengetahuan yang diperoleh manusia mencakup segala aspek konsep,
gagasan
dan pengertian yang telah dimiliki.</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 19pt;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','Arial'; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><div style="line-height: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21pt;">
<br /></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-77250687413816258002015-10-28T23:08:00.000-07:002015-10-28T23:11:25.041-07:00Emotion with Perspective Psychology<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut KBBI,
emosi adalah luapan perasaan yang berkembang dan surut dalam waktu singkat atau
keadaan fisiologis dan psikologis, seperti senang, sedih, dll.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi berasal dari
bahasa Latin, yaitu emovere, yang berarti bergerak menjauh. Arti kata ini
menyiratkan bahwa kecenderungan bertindak merupakan hal mutlak dalam emosi.
Daniel Goleman (2002) mengatakan bahwa emosi merujuk pada suatu perasaan dan
pikiran yang khas, suatu keadaan biologis dan
psikologis dan serangkaian kecenderungan untuk bertindak. Emosi merupakan
reaksi terhadap rangsangan dari luar dan dalam diri individu, sebagai contoh
emosi gembira mendorong perubahan suasana hati seseorang, sehingga secara
fisiologi terlihat tertawa, emosi sedih mendorong seseorang berperilaku
menangis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kleinginna
& Kleinginna (dalam DR. Nyayu Khodijah) mencatat ada 92 definisi yang
berbeda tentang emosi, namun disepakati bahwa keadaan emosional adalah suatu
reaksi kompleks yang melibatkan kegiatan dan perubahan yang mendalam serta
dibarengi dengan perasaan yang kuat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Istilah emosi menurut Daniel Goleman (1995), seorang
pakar kecerdasan emosional, yang diambil dari Oxford English Dictionary
memaknai emosi sebagai setiap kegiatan atau pergolakan pikiran, perasaan,
nafsu, setiap keadaan mental yang hebat dan meluap-luap. Lanjutnya ia
mengatakan bahwa emosi merujuk kepada suatu perasaan dan pikiran-pikiran yang
khas, suatu keadaan biologis dan psikologis, dan serangkaian kecendrungan untuk
bertindak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Chaplin (1989) dalam <i>Dictionary of psychology</i>, emosi adalah sebagai suatu keadaan yang
terangsang dari organisme mencakup perubahan-perubahan yang disadari, yang
mendalam sifatnya dari perubahan perilaku.Chaplin (1989) membedakan emosi
dengan perasaan, parasaan (feelings) adalah pengalaman disadari yang diaktifkan
baik oleh perangsang eksternal maupun oleh bermacam-macam keadaan jasmaniah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut teori James-Lange (James,1884), pembangkitan
aksi autonom dan otot-otot rangka muncul terlebih dahulu, sedangkan emosi yang
kita alami hanya merupakan label yang kita berikan untuk respons yang kita
berikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">lari
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Situasi
yang menakutkan</span></div>
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</span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori James-Lange <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ketakutan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada laporan penelitian selanjutnya,
William James (1894) menegaskan posisinya. Emosi memiliki 3 komponen, yaitu;
kognisi,tindakan, dan perasaan. Aspek kognitif muncul terlebih dahulu. Anda
menilai sesuatu baik atau buruk,menakutkan atau mengganggu, dan proses tersebut
sering kali berlangsung dengan sangat cepatnya. Penilaian anda tentang sesuatu
akan menimbulkan tindakan, seperti lari menjauh,menyerang,atau hanya diam
terpaku dengan jantung berdegup kencang. Ketika William James mengatakan bahwa
pembangkitan dan tindakan menghasilkan emosi, maka yang James maksud dengan
tindakan disini adalah aspek perasaan dari sebuah emosi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan teori James-Lange,perasaan
emosional dihasilkan oleh tindakan tubuh kita. Untuk membuktikannya peneliti
melakukan eksperimen dengan instruksi gigitlah sebuah pulpen dengan gigi atau
tahan dengan bibir. Kemudian, lihatlah strip-strip komik yang ada disurat
kabar. Sebagian besar individu menilai komik lebih lucu ketika mereka menggigit
pulpen sehingga membuat mereka tersenyum, dibanding ketika mereka menahan
pulpen dengan bibir-sehingga mereka tidak dapat tersenyum. (Strack, Martin,
& Stepper, 1998). Artinya,sensasi senyum meningkatkan kesenangan,walaupun
hanya sedikit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara keseluruhan, hasil-hasil penelitian
tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa persepsi kita mengenai tindakantubuh
berkonstibusi terhadap perasaan emosional kita, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh
teori James-Lange.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya, didalam sebuah tulisan James mengenai emosi, Barbalet
(1999) menjelaskan bahwa banyak dari tulisan tersebut yag diabaikan dan
disalahpahami. Dia berpendapat bahwa James menguasai lebih dari satu abad
mengenai penelitianini, dan mengabaikan analisis tindakan emosi dan social yang
telah menghambat perkembangan psikologi social dan emosi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberatan
utama terhadap teori James-Lange berasal dari Walter Cannon pada 1920,an yang
mengemukakan bahwa :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
badani tampaknya tidak terlalu berbeda dari keadaan emosional yang satu ke
keadaan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">emosional yang
lain, meskipun kita sebagai individu biasanya mengetahui emosi apa yang kita
miliki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Organ
internal merupakan struktur yang relative tidak peka, yang tidak dipenuhi
saraf, dan perubahan internal timbul terlalu lamban untuk menjadi sumber
perasaan emosional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbulkan
perubahan badani yang berkaitan dengan emosi secara artificial (menyuntikkan
obat semacam epinefrin) tidak menghasilkan pengalaman emosi yang sebenarnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Cannon pertama kali dikeluarkan sebagai bentuk reaksi
orang-orang dalam menanggapi teori James, dan Cannon mengajukan teori
alternative pada tahun1915, 1927, 1931, 1932. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cannon
memuat 5 kritikan utama terhadap teori James:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
visceral tidak menimbulkan emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
bukti untuk pola respon visceral pada emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Organ
visceral memiliki sensitivitas kecil sehingga tidak bisa digunakan untuk
membedakan emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun
tidak ada respon visceral dalam pembedahan system saraf, emosional perilaku
tetap terjdi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi
bisa terjadi setidaknya satu detik setelah eksternal stimulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa
tahun kemudian, Schachter (1964) secara efektif berargumen melawan tiga dari
titik-titik ini. Dia menunjukkan bahwa emosi muncul meskipun bukan pada kondisi
yang cukup untuk terjadinya emosi tersebut, meskipun sulit untuk memastikan
bahwa emosi tidak dapat terjadi tanpa keterlibatan visceral. Schachter mengenai
emosi kognitif atau fisiologis menunjukkan bahwa keadaan emosi ditentukan oleh
factor kognitif. Schchter mengajukan tiga proposisi yang paling dikenal :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Jika secara fisiologis merasakan suatu
rangsangan, tetapi tidak tahu mengapa atau apa yang menyebabkan rasa rangsangan
itu, maka dapat bereaksi dengan cara kognitif terbuka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Apabila kita merasakan suatu rangsangan,
tetapi mengetahui alasan dari hal itu, maka termasu sebagai kognitif
alternative.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Teori arah berlawanan. Jika dari waktu ke
waktu kita mengalami kognisi yang sama, maka hanya menjelaskan perasaan sebagai
emosi di bagian fisiologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan dasar Schachter adalah emosi dikendalikan melalui
keterkaitan yang sangat erat dengan interaksi antara fisiologis dan penilaian
kognitif, dan dikenal sebagai teori dua factor emosi. Selain itu, Mandler
(1962) menyatakan point 4 dan 5 pada penjelasan Cannon dapat dijelaskan oleh
fakta bahwa setelah pembentukan awal perilaku emosional kemudian dapat
dikondisikan untuk rangsangan eksternal, dan itu dapat terjadi sebelum
perubahan visceral atau tanpa intervensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-Jenis Emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi terbagi menjadi dua yaitu emosi positf dan emosi negatif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi
positif (emosi yang menyenangkan), yaitu emosi yang menimbulkan perasaan
positif pada orang yang mengalaminya, diataranya adalah cinta, sayang, senang,
gembira, kagum dan sebagainya. Emosi negatif (emosi yang tidak menyenangkan),
yaitu emosi yang menimbulkan perasaan negatif pada orang yang mengalaminya,
diantaranya adalah sedih, marah, benci, takut dan sebagainya.Contoh emosi
positif diantaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi Bahagia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Situasi-situasi
yang bisa menimbulkan emosi bahagia di antaranya adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas yang tujuannya diinginkan atau tercapainya tujuan yang
diinginkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendapat
keuntungan secara umum, misalnya mendapat untung usaha, memperoleh hadiah,
memperoleh uang, mendapatkan juara kelas, dan lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persetujuan
sosial dari teman, rekan, orang tua, guru, dan orang yang dinilai penting dan
dihargai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat
hal-hal yang familiar; seperti mengurangi aktivitas yang menyenangkan, bertemu
seseorang atau sesuatu yang dikenal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sukses
dalam aktivitas baru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">f.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sukses bertemu teman baru atau sahabat baru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">g.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
atau mendengar sesuatu yang baru dan menyenangkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan contoh emosi negative diantaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi
marah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Situasi-situasi yang bisa menimbulkan emosi
marah di antaranya:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditekan
untuk melakukan sesuatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terhina
(baik secara psikologis maupun secara verbal)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterbatasan,
terhambat dan frustrasi (secara fisik maupun psikologis, terancam oleh
seseorang, serangan berbahaya, dan batasan sosial)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengalami
atau mengamati suatu perlakuan yang tidak biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterkungkungan yang terus terjadi dan tercegahnya pemenuhan
kebutuhan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">J</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ijik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Situasi-situasi
yang bisa menimbulkan emosi jijik di antaranya adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adanya
sensasi yang timbul karena rasa yang tidak enak, bau busuk, sesuatu yang
berminyak dan berlendir, melihat sesuatu atau seseorang yang kotor dan sangat
buruk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perilaku yang sangat bertentangan dengan standar norma, agama,
moral dan kebiasaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi Takut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Situasi-situasi
yang bisa menimbulkan emosi takut di antaranya adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidup
dalam bahaya, baik bahaya karena kejadian, karena seseorang, atau karena ide.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terancam
secara verbal maupun fisik; dihukum, dihina dan dimarahi oleh lawan yang lebih
kuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kehilangan
dukungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterasingan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Internal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-indent: 0.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Umumnya emosi seseorang muncul berkaitan erat dengan
apa yang dirasakan seseorang secara individu. Mereka merasa tidak puas, benci
terhadap diri sendiri dan tidak bahagia. Adapun gangguan emosi yang mereka
alami antara lain adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa tidak terpenuhi
kebutuhan fisik mereka secara layak sehingga timbul ketidakpuasan, kecemasan
dan kebencian terhadap apa yang mereka alami.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa dibenci,
disia-siakan, tidak mengerti dan tidak diterima oleh siapapun termasuk orang
tua mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa lebih banyak
dirintangi, dibantah, dihina serta dipatahkan dari pada disokong, disayangi dan
ditanggapi, khususnya ide-ide mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa tidak mampu atau
bodoh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa tidak menyenangi
kehidupan keluarga mereka yang tidak harmonis seperti sering bertengkar, kasar,
pemarah, cerewet dan bercerai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa menderita karena
iri terhadap saudara karena disikapi dan dibedakan secara tidak adil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor Eksternal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Hurlock (1980) dan Cole (1963) faktor yang mempengaruhi emosi
negatif adalah berikut ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>I.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang tua atau guru
memperlakukan mereka seperti anak kecil yang membuat harga diri mereka
dilecehkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>II.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila dirintangi,
anak membina keakraban dengan lawan jenis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>III.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terlalu banyak
dirintangi dari pada disokong, misalnya mereka lebih banyak disalahkan, dikritik
oleh orang tua atau guru, akan cenderung menjadi marah dan mengekspresikannya
dengan cara menentang keinginan orang tua, mencaci maki guru, atau masuk geng
dan bertindak merusak (destruktif).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>IV.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disikapi secara tidak
adil oleh orang tua, misalnya dengan cara membandingkan dengan saudaranya yang
lebih berprestasi dan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>V.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa kebutuhan tidak
dipenuhi oleh orang tua padahal orang tua mampu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>VI.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merasa disikapi secara
otoriter, seperti dituntut untuk patuh, banyak dicela, dihukum dan dihina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa emosi tertentu memiliki fungsi yang jelas. Rasa takut
memperingatkan kita untuk menghindar dari bahaya. Rasa marah membuat kita
menyerang pengganggu. Nilai adaptif dari rasa senang, sedih, malu, dan
emosi-emosi lainnya tidak terlalu jelas manfaatnya, walaupun peneliti telah
mengajukan beberapa kemungkinan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi emosi menurut Goleman dan Hammen (1997), yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi adalah pembangkit
energi (energizer) </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu
sebagai pembangkit energi. Emosi dapat memberikan kita semangat dalam bekerja
bahkan juga semangat untuk hidup. Contohnya : perasaan cinta dan sayang. Namun,
emosi juga dapat memberikan dampak negatif yang membuat kita merasakan
hari-hari yang suram dan nyaris tidak ada semangat untuk hidup.Contohnya :
perasaan sedih dan benci.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Emosi adalah pembawa
informasi (messenger) </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu
sebagai pembawa pesan. Emosi memberitahu kita bagaimana keadaan orang-orang
yang berada disekitar kita, terutama orang-orang yang kita cintai dan sayangi,
sehingga kita dapat memahami dan melakukan sesuatu yang tepat dengan kondisi
tersebut. Bayangkan jika tidak ada emosi, kita tidak tahu bahwa disekitar kita
ada orang yang sedih karena sesuatu hal yang terjadi dalam keadaan seperti itu
mungkin kita akan tertawa-tawa bahagia sehingga membuat seseorang yang sedang
bersedih merasa bahwa kita bersikap empati terhadapnya.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembawa pesan dalam
komunikasi intrapersonal dan interpersonal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber informasi
tentang keberhasilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 63pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Area Otak yang Terkait Emosi dan Mekanisme Emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada awalnya,sistem
limbic-area otak depan yang mengelilingi hipotalamus-telah dianggap sebagai
area otak paling penting untuk emosi. Tepatnya dibagian amigdala. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Di otak, bagian yang sangat berkenaan langsung dengan emosi adalah
am</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">igdala. Sebagian besar korteks serebrum
beraksi terhadap situasi emosional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kontribusi belahan otak kiri dan kanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktivitas belahan otak kiri terkait dengan lobus
frontal dan temporalnya berkaitan dengan sistem aktivasi perilaku seperti
kesenangan atau kemarahan. Peningkatan aktivitas lobus frontal dan temporal
belahan otak kanan diasosiasikan dengan sistem inhibisi atau tegang perilaku
yang meningkatkan perhatian dan pembangkitan, menghibsi tindakan, dan
menstimulasi emosi. Antara lain rasa takut dan muak. Belahan otak kanan lebih
responsif terhadap stimulus emosional daripada belahan otak kiri. Perbedaan
antarkedua belahan otak berkaitan dengan kepribadian. Secara rata-rata,
individu yang memiliki aktivitas korteks frontal lebih tinggi pada belahan otak
kiri cenderung lebih bahagia, mudah bergaul, dan lebih suka bersenang-senang.
Individu yang memiliki aktivitas korteks frontal lebih tinggi pada belahan otak
kanan cenderung lebih tertutup, tidak puas dengan hidup, dan lebih mudah
mengalami emosi yang tidak menyenangkan.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p>Credited by Presentation from class discussions Physiological Psychology</o:p></span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-32740747197153168402015-10-08T20:59:00.001-07:002015-10-08T21:01:00.086-07:00TEORI PERKEMBANGAN MORAL DAN PENALARAN MORAL “LAWRENCE KOHLBERG”<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 14.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Biografi Kohlberg<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama
lengkap Kohlberg adalah Lawrence Kohlberg, ia dilahirkan di Bronxville, New
York, Amerika Serikat, 25 Oktober 1927 dan meninggal pada 19 Januari 1987 dalam
usia 59 tahun. Ia menjabat sebagai profesor di Universitas Chicago serta
Universitas Harvard. Ia terkenal karena karyanya dalam pendidikan, penalaran,
dan perkembangan moral. Kohlberg merupakan pengikut teori perkembangan kognitif
Jean Piaget, karya Kohlberg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kohlberg
dilahirkan dalam sebuah keluarga kaya.Ia menjalani pendidikan di Akademi
Phillips, sebuah SMA swasta yang terkenal di New York. Pada Perang Dunia II,
setelah menyelesaikan pendidikan SMA-nya, ia mendaftar sebagai ahli mesin di
sebuah kapal perang. Di kapal itu, ia dan teman-temannya sekapal memutuskan
untuk membantu orang-orang Yahudi yang berusaha melarikan diri dari Eropa ke
Palestina.<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah
dinasnya dalam perang, ia mendaftar ke Universitas Chicago pada 1948. Hasil
ujian masuknya sangat tinggi, dan ia memperoleh gelar sarjana dalam psikologi
dalam waktu hanya satu tahun. Kohlberg terus bertahan di Universitas Chicago
untuk melanjutkan ke program pasca-sarjana, dan tertarik pada penalaran moral
anak-anak dan karya-karya awal Jean Piaget dan yang lain-lainnya.Ia menulis
disertasi doktoralnya di sana pada tahun 1958. yang memberikan kerangka dari
apa yang kini dikenal sebagai tahap perkembangan moral Kohlberg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kohlberg
kemudian mengajar pada 1962 di Universitas Chicago di Komite tentang
Perkembangan Manusia, dan memperpanjang masa tinggalnya dengan dunia
pendidikan. Pada 1968, dalam usia 40 tahun dan menikah serta dikarunia dua
orang anak, ia menjadi profesor pendidikan dan psikologi sosial di Universitas
Harvard. Sementara di Harvard, ia berjumpa dengan Carol Gilligan, yang
belakangan menjadi koleganya dan kritik terhadap teori perkembangan moralnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
sebuah kunjungan ke Israel pada 1969, Kohlberg berkunjung ke sebuah kibbutz dan
mengamati betapa perkembangan moral orang-orang muda saat itu jauh lebih
berkembang dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak menjadi bagian dari kibbutz.Ia
memutuskan untuk memikirkan ulang penelitiannya saat itu dan memulai sebuah
sekolah baru yang dinamai Sekolah Cluster di dalam SMA Cambridge Rindge and
Latin. Sekolah Cluster dikelola sebagai sebuah ‘komunitas yang adil’ di mana
siswa-siswanya mempunyai hubungan dasar dan yang layak dipercaya dengan
sesamanya, dengan menggunakan demokrasi dalam pengambilan semua keputusan di
sekolah itu. Dilengkapi dengan model ini, ia memulai ‘komunitas yang adil’ yang
sama di sekolah-sekolah yang lain, bahkan juga satu di penjara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kohlberg
tertular sebuah penyakit tropis pada 1971 ketika ia melakukan pekerjaan lintas
budaya di Belize. Akibatnya, ia bergumul dengan depresi dan penderitaan fisik
selama 16 tahun kemudian. Pada 19 Januari 1987, ia meminta cuti satu hari dari
Rumah Sakit Massachusetts tempat ia dirawat, lalu pergi dengan mobilnya ke
pantai, dan kemudian bunuh diri dengan menenggelamkan dirinya di Samudera
Atlantik. Umurnya 59 tahun ketika ia meninggal dunia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Perkembangan Moral Menurut Lawrence Kohlberg<o:p></o:p></span></b>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kohlberg mengemukakan teori
perkembangan moral berdasar teori Piaget, yaitu dengan pendekatan organismik
(melalui tahap-tahap perkem-bangan yang memiliki urutan pasti dan berlaku
secara universal). Selain itu Kohlberg juga menyelidiki struktur proses
berpikir yang mendasari perilaku moral (<i>moral behavior</i>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Kohlberg, pandangan Piaget
mengenai perkembangan moral anak-anak kecil yang ditandai oleh moralitas
heteronom adalah dengan menilai kebenaran atau kebaikan perilaku hanya dengan
melihat akibat-akibat yang ditimbulkan dari perilaku-perilaku itu, dan bukan maksud
dari perilaku. pandangan piaget berikutnya tentang hubungan antara orang tua
dan anak, dimana posisi anak tidak memiliki kekuasaan apa-apa dan orang tua
memegang kekuasaan penuh sehingga, pola relasi tersebut tidaklah mengembangkan
pemikiran moral, dikarenakan peraturan selalu di teruskan dan diterapkan secara
otoriter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama 18 tahun Lawrence Kohlberg
mengadakan penelitian mengenai perkembangan moral yang berlandaskan pada teori
perkembangan kognitif Piaget. Kohlberg mengajukan postulat atau anggapan dasar
bahwa anak membangun cara berpikir mereka melalui pengalaman termasuk
pengertian konsep moral seperti keadilan, hak, persamaan, dan kesejahteraan
manusia. Penelitian yang dilakukannya memusatkan perhatian pada kelompok usia
di atas usia yang diteliti oleh Piaget. Dari penelitiannya itu Kohlberg
merumuskan adanya tiga tingkat (level) yang terdiri atas enam tahap (stage)
perkembangan moral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Asumsi Dasar Perkembangan Moral dan Penalaran Moral<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN">Tahapan perkembangan moral adalah ukuran dari
tinggi rendahnya moral seseorang berdasarkan perkembangan penalaran moralnya
seperti yang diungkapkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg"><span lang="IN">Lawrence Kohlberg</span></a><span lang="IN">. Tahapan tersebut dibuat saat ia belajar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologi" title="Psikologi"><span lang="IN">psikologi</span></a><span lang="IN"> di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago"><span lang="IN">University
of Chicago</span></a><span lang="IN"> berdasarkan
teori yang ia buat setelah terinspirasi hasil kerja </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget"><span lang="IN">Jean Piaget</span></a><span lang="IN"> dan kekagumannya akan reaksi anak-anak terhadap
dilema moral. Ia menulis disertasi
doktornya pada tahun 1958 yang menjadi awal dari apa yang sekarang disebut
tahapan-tahapan perkembangan moral dari Kohlberg.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b>S</b>ebagai
mekanisme yang harus dilalui guna meningkatkan penalaran moral diperlukan
pengalaman-pengalaman khusus di dalam diri individu dengan adanya kesempatan
mengalami “Alih Peran” <i>(Role Taking)</i>.Menurut Selman, alih peran
berkenaan dengan perubahan kualitatif didalam struktur pemahaman tentang
hubungan perspektif diri sendiri dengan perspektif orang lain. Kohlberg
mengemukakan arti tahap-tahap alih peran sebagai berikut: tahap alih peran
tidak hanya berarti sekedar empati atau mengetahui perasaan-perasaan orang lain
yang berbeda dari pandangannya, tetapi merupakan kemampuan kognitif untuk dapat
melihat sudut pandang orang lain dalam lingkungan sosial (Arbuthnot dan Faust,
1981). Dari beberapa pengertian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa alih peran
sosial adalah kemampuan mengambil alih peran orang lain kedalam diri sendiri
sesuai dengan bagaimana orang lain berada di dalam perannya tersebut di
lingkungan sosial.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kohlberg
menekankan bahwa perkembangan moral didasarkan terutama pada penalaran moral
dan perkembangan secara bertahap (Kohlberg, 1958, 1976, 1986).Kohlberg percaya
terdapat tiga tingkat perkembangan moral, yang masing-masingnya ditandai oleh
dua tahap.Konsep kunci untuk memahami perkembangan moral, khususnya teori
Kohlberg, ialah internalisasi, yakni perubahan perkembangan dari perilaku yang
dikendalikan secara eksternal menjadi perilaku yang dikenadalikan secara
internal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori" title="Teori"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
ini berpandangan bahwa penalaran moral, yang merupakan dasar dari perilaku </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">etis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
mempunyai enam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tahapan_perkembangan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tahapan perkembangan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tahapan perkembangan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dapat teridentifikasi. Ia mengikuti perkembangan
dari keputusan moral seiring penambahan usia yang semula diteliti Piaget, yang
menyatakan bahwa logika dan moralitas berkembang melalui tahapan-tahapan
konstruktif.Kohlberg memperluas pandangan dasar ini, dengan menentukan bahwa
proses perkembangan moral pada prinsipnya berhubungan dengan keadilan dan
perkembangannya berlanjut selama kehidupan,walaupun ada dialog yang mempertanyakan
implikasi filosofis dari penelitiannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Tahapan Perkembangan Moral Menurut Lawrence Kohlberg<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat Satu: Penalaran
Prakonvensional <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praconventional reasoning</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah tingkat yang paling rendah dalam teori perkembangan moral Kohlberg.Pada
tingkatan ini, anak tidak memperlihatkan internalisasi nilai-nilai moral –
penalaran moral dikendalikan oleh imbalan (hadiah) dan hukuman eksternal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap 1 :
Orientasi hukuman dan ketaatan (punishment and obedience orientation). Pada tahap ini penalaran moral didasarkan
atas hukuman.Anak-anak taat pada orang dewasa karena orang dewasa menuntut
mereka untuk taat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap 2 :
Individualisme dan tujuan (individualism and purpose). Pada tahap ini penalaran
moral didasarkan atas imbalan (hadiah) dan kepentingan sendiri.Anak-anak taat
bila mereka ingin taat, dan bila yang paling baik untuk kepentingan terbaik
adalah taat.Apa yang benar adalah apa yang dirasa baik dan apa yang dianggap menghasilkan
hadiah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat Dua: Penalaran
Konvensional <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Conventional reasoning </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ialah
tingkat menengah dalam teori perkembangan moral Kohlberg.Pada tingkatan ini,
internalisasi individual ialah menengah.Seseorang menaati standar-standar
(internal) tertentu, tetapi mereka tidak menaati standar-standar orang lain
(eksternal), seperti orang tua atau aturan-aturan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap 3 :
Norma-norma Interpersonal (interpersonal norms). Pada tahap ini seseorang
menghargai kebenaran, kepedulian, dan kesetiaan kepada orang lain sebagai
landasan pertimbangan-pertimbangan moral. Anak-anak mengadopsi standara moral
orang tuanya dengan harapan dihargai oleh orang tuanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap 4 :
Moralitas sistem sosial (social system morality). Pada tahap ini
pertimbangan-pertimbangan didasarkan atas pemahaman aturan social, hukum-hukum,
keadilan, dan kewajiban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat Tiga: Penalaran
Pascakonvensional <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Postconventional reasoning </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ialah
tingkat tertinggi dalam teori perkembangan moral Kohlberg. Pada tingkatan ini
moralitas benar-benar diinternalisasikan dan tidak didasarkan pada
standar-standar orang lain. Seseorang mengenal tindakan-tindakan alternative,
menjajaki pilihan-pilihan, dan kemudian memutuskan berdasarkan kode moral
pribadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tahap 5 :
Hak-hak masyarakat versus hak-hak individual (comunity rights versus individual
rights). Pada tahap ini seseorang memahami bahwa nilai-nilai dan aturan adalah
bersifat relatif dan bahwa standar dapat berbeda dari satu orang ke orang lain.
Seseorang menyadari hukum penting bagi masyarakat, tetapi nilai-nilai seperti
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manusia yang universal. Bila menghadapi konflik secara hukum dansuara hati,
seseorang akan mengikuti suara hati, walaupun keputusan itu mungkin melibatkan
resiko pribadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">3. EVALUASI TEORI PERKEMBANGAN MORAL
DAN PENALARAN MORAL KOHLBERG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN">Kohlberg menyusun <i>Wawancara Keputusan Moral</i>
dalam disertasi aslinya di tahun 1958.Selama kurang lebih 45 menit dalam
wawancara semi-terstruktur yang direkam, pewawancara menggunakan dilema-dilema
moral untuk menentukan penalaran moral tahapan mana yang digunakan partisipan.
Dilemanya berupa ceritera fiksi pendek yang menggambarkan situasi yang
mengharuskan seseorang membuat keputusan moral. Partisipan tersebut diberi
serangkaian pertanyaan terbuka yang sistematis, seperti apa yang mereka pikir
tentang tindakan yang seharusnya dilakukan, juga justifikasi seperti mengapa
tindakan tertentu dianggap benar atau salah. Pemberian skor dilakukan terhadap
bentuk dan struktur dari jawaban-jawaban tersebut dan bukan pada isinya;
melalui serangkaian dilema moral diperoleh skor secara keseluruhan.</span></div>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext;">Dilema Heinz</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Salah satu dilema yang digunakan Kohlberg dalam penelitian awalnya adalah
dilema apoteker: <i>Heinz Mencuri Obat di Eropa</i></span>.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
“<span lang="IN">Seorang perempuan sudah hampir meninggal dunia akibat semacam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker" title="Kanker"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">kanker</span></a><span lang="IN">. Ada suatu
obat yang menurut </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">dokter</span></a><span lang="IN"> dapat menyelamatkannya. Obat itu adalah semacam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">radium</span></a><span lang="IN"> yang baru
saja ditemukan oleh seorang </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoteker" title="Apoteker"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">apoteker</span></a><span lang="IN"> di kota
yang sama. Obat itu mahal ongkos pembuatannya, tetapi si apoteker menjualnya
sepuluh kali lipat ongkos pembuatannya tersebut. Ia membayar $200 untuk radium
tersebut dan menjualnya $2.000 untuk satu dosis kecil obat tersebut. Suami dari
perempuan yang sakit, Heinz, pergi ke setiap orang yang dia kenal untuk
meminjam uang, tapi ia cuma memperoleh $1.000, setengah dari harga obat
seharusnya. Ia berceritera kepada apoteker bahwa isterinya sudah sekarat dan
memintanya untuk dapat menjual obat dengan lebih murah atau memperbolehkan dia
melunasinya di kemudian hari. Tetapi si apoteker mengatakan: “Tidak, saya yang
menemukan obat itu dan saya akan mencari uang dari obat itu.” Heinz menjadi
putus asa dan membongkar apotek tersebut untuk mencuri obat demi istrinya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Haruskah Heinz membongkar apotek itu untuk mencuri obat bagi isterinya?
Mengapa?</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahap_perkembangan_moral_Kohlberg#cite_note-philmoral-5"><sup><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">[5]</span></sup></a></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN">Dari sudut pandang teoretis, apa yang menurut partisipan perlu <i>dilakukan</i>
oleh Heinz tidaklah penting. Teori Kohlberg berpendapat bahwa justifikasi yang
diberikan oleh partisipanlah yang signifikan, <i>bentuk</i> dari re</span>s<span lang="IN">pon mereka. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b>Kritik Terhadap Teori
Perkembangan Moral Kohlberg<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kritik
ini termasuk kekurangan dari teori perkembangan moral (Kohlberg).Kritik ini
mencakup hubungan antara penalaran moral dan perilaku moral, kualitas
penelitian, pertimbangan yang memadai tentang peran kebudayaan dalam
perkembangan moral, dan pengabaian perspektif pengasuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemikiran
Moral dan Perilaku Moral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Kohlberg dikritik karena memberi terlalu
banyak penekanan pada penalaran moral dan kurang memberi penekanan pada
perilaku moral.Penalaran moral kadang-kadang dapat menjadi tempat perlindungan
bagi perilaku inmoral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebudayaan
dan Perkembangan Moral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kritik lain terhadap pandangan Kohlberg ialah bahwa
pandangan ini secara kebudayaan bias (Banks, 1993; Bronstein & Paludi,
1998; Miller & Bersoff, dalam proses
cetak). Suatu tinjauan penelitian terhadap perkembangan moral di 27 negara
menyimpulkan bahwa penalaran moral lebih bersifat spesifik kebudayaan daripada
yang dibayangkan oleh Kohlberg dan sistem skor Kohlberg tidak mempertimbangkan
penalaran moral tingkat tinggi pada kelompok-kelompok kebudayaan tertentu
(Snarey, 1987). Contoh-contoh penalaran moral tingkat tinggi yang tidak akan
memperoleh skor tertinggi dalam sistem Kohlberg ialah nilai-nilai yang
berkaitan dengan keadilan komunal (<i>communal
equity</i>) dan kebahagiaan kolektif di Israel, persatuan dan kesucian segala
bentuk kehidupan di India, dan hubungan individu dengan masyarakat di New
Guinea. Contoh-contoh perkembangan moral ini tidakakan mendapat skor pada
tingkat tertinggi pada sistem Kohlberg karena contoh-contoh ini tidak
menekankan hak-hak individu dan prinsip-prinsip keadilan yang abstrak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gender
dan Perspektif Kepribadian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Carol Gilligan (1982, 1990-1992) percaya bahwa teori
perkembangan moral Kohlberg tidak mencerminkan secara memadai, relasi dan
kepedulian terhadap manusia lainnya. Prespektif keadilan adalah suatu
perspektif moral yang berfokus pada hak-hak individu: individu berdiri sendiri
dan bebas mengambil keputusan moral. Teori Kohlberg ialah suatu perspektif keadilan.
Sebaliknya perspektif kepedulian ialah suatu perspektif moral yang memandang
manusia dari sudut keterkaitannya dengan manusia lain dan menekankan
komunikasi, interpersonal, relasi dengan manusia lain, dan kepedulian dengan
orang lain. Teori Gilligan ialah suatu perspektif kepedulian. Menurut Gilligan,
Kohlberg kurang memerhatikan perspektif kepedulian dalam perkembangan moral. Ia
percaya bahwa hal ini mungkin terjadi karena Ko</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lberg seorang laki-laki, karena
kebanyakan penelitiannya ialah dengan laki-laki daripada perempuan dan karena
ia menggunakan respons laki-laki sebagai suatu model bagi teorinya. Salah satu
kliam Gilligan menjelaskan bahwa ukuran-ukuran perkembangan moral penganut
Kohlberg tradisional adalah bias terhadapkaum perempuan – dipersoalkan secara
ekstensif. Misalnya, kebanyakan studi penellitian yang menggunakan
cerita-cerita dan sistem skor Kohlberg tidak menemukan perbedaan-perbedaan
jenis kelamin (Walker, 1984, 1991a, 1991b).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh
keluarga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Piaget maupun Kohlberg tidak menganggap orang tua
penting bagi perkembangan moral anak-anak.Akan tetapi, penelitian terkini
menekankan kontribusi orang tua dalam area kognitif maupun emosional. Dalam
suatu penelitian, orang tua dari 63 siswa kelas 1, 4, 7, dan 10 diminta untuk
berbicara dengan anak mereka tentang dua dilema: satu hipotesis dan satu nyata
yang digambarkan anak (L.J. Walker & Taylor, 1991). Remaja yang selama dua
tahun berikutnya menunjukan kemajuan paling besar melalui tahapan Kohlberg
adalah mereka yang orang tuanya menggunakan humor dan pujian, mendengarkan, dan
bertanya mengenai pendapat mereka.Sebaliknya, mereka yang kemajuannya sedikit
adalah mereka yang orang tuanya senang berceramah serta menantang atau
menentang pendapat mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan Teori Perkembangan
Moral<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan dari teori perkembangan moral
itu sendiri yang memudahkan orang dalam memahami perkembangan moral.Adanya ketahapan
juga memudahkan orang untuk membuat jangkauan tentang perkembangan moral
seseorang.Secara praktis, dengan adanya tahap-tahap perkembangan memudahkan
orang dalam memberikan stimulasi yang tepat untuk meningkatkan penalaran moral
seorang anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu, ada beberapa kelebihan lagi
dari Teori Kahlberg daripada pendekatan lain, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai
arah yang jelas yakni, meningkatkan tahap perkembangan moral peserta didik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperhatikan
komponen kematangan moral yang penting yaitu pertimbangan keputusan moral yang
benar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai
pandangan realistis terhadap peserta didik yang dilihat sebagai manusia yang
sedang berkembang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempunyai
teori tentang tahap-tahap perkembangan moral yang dapat dijadikan pedoman untuk
menentukan cara-cara memperlakukan peserta didik sesuai dengan taraf
perkembangannya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memberikan
wawasan baru tentang pentingnya memperhatikan faktor-faktor yang menghambat
peningkatan tahap perkembangan moral. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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solusi tentang prioritas nilai-nilai moral, yaitu nilai-nilai yang berdasarkan
prinsip etis universal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kohlberg ini kiranya memberikan sumbangan yang besar dalam mengoptimalkan
pelaksanaan pendidikan nilai moral di sekolah.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Zahrotun, M.Si., dkk. 2006, Psikologi Perkembangan: <i>Tinjauan Psikologi Barat dan Psikologi Islam, </i>Jakarta.</div>
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Santrock W. John, <i>Life Span Development</i>, University of Texas At Dallas : 2002 </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><a href="http://malpalenisatriana.wordpress.com/2010/11/05/perkembangan-moral-menurut-teori-lawrence-kohlberg/"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">http://malpalenisatriana.wordpress.com/2010/11/05/perkembangan-moral-menurut-teori-lawrence-kohlberg/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">http://alifiaz.blogspot.com/2013/04/perkembangan-moral-menurut-lawrence.html</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Makalah ini disusun untuk memenuhi tugas dalam Mata Kuliah Psikologi
Perkembangan<o:p></o:p> Dosen Pembimbing: Dra. Zahrotun Nihayah, M.Si dan Layyinah, M.Si, P.Si</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p>Credited by : Liya, Alia, Ichan, Bagja</o:p></span></i></div>
<br />Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-41364680076958802622015-10-08T20:52:00.001-07:002015-10-08T20:52:33.290-07:00Moral, moril, dan manusia<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Moral menurut Para Ahli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut
Kamus Lengkap Psikologi yang ditulis oleh J.P Chaplin, Moral ialah ciri khas
seseorang atau sekelompok orang dengan perilaku pantas dan baik.Menyinggung
akhlak, moril, tingkah laku yang susila. Menyangkut juga didalamnya hukum atau
adat kebiasaan yang mengatur tingkah laku.Sedangkan moril ialah suatu sikap
yang ditandai secara khusus oleh adanya kepercayaan diri, motivasi yang kuat
untuk meneruskan suatu usaha, kegembiraan dan organisasi yang baik.Manusia yang
tidak memiliki moral disebut amoral artinya dia tidak bermoral dan tidak
memiliki nilai positif di mata manusia lainnya.Sehingga moral adalah hal mutlak
yang harus dimiliki oleh manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Moral
secara ekplisit adalah hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan proses sosialisasi
individu. Tanpa moral manusia tidak bisa melakukan proses sosialisasi. Moral
dalam zaman sekarang mempunyai nilai implisit karena banyak orang yang
mempunyai moral atau sikap amoral itu dari sudut pandang yang sempit. Moral itu
sifat dasar yang diajarkan di sekolah-sekolah dan manusia harus mempunyai moral
jika ia ingin dihormati oleh sesamanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Moral
adalah nilai ke-absolutan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat secara utuh.Penilaian
terhadap moral diukur dari kebudayaan masyarakat setempat. Moral adalah
perbuatan/tingkah laku/ucapan seseorang dalam ber interaksi dengan
manusia.apabila yang dilakukan seseorang itu sesuai dengan nilai rasa yang
berlaku di masyarakat tersebut dan dapat diterima serta menyenangkan lingkungan
masyarakatnya, maka orang itu dinilai mempunyai moral yang baik, begitu juga
sebaliknya. Dalam referensi yang lain menyebutkan, Moral adalah produk dari
budaya dan Agama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Perkembangan Moral<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum kita membahas lebih jauh
mengenai pengertian dari perkembangan moral akan lebih baik kita terlebih
dahulu memahami satu persatu suku katanya, kata pertama yaitu mengenai
perkembangan dan kata kedua yaitu moral, agar pemahaman kita mengenai
pengertian perkembangan moral bisa lebih optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=998260054713120186" name="more"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian perkembangan
secara luas menunjuk pada keseluruhan proses perubahan dari potensi yang
dimiliki individu dan tampil dalam kualitas kemampuan, sifat dan ciri-ciri yang
baru (Reni Akbar Hawadi : 2001). Helden (1977) dan Richards (1971)
berpendapat moral adalah suatu kepekaan dalam pikiran, perasaan, dan tindakan
dibandingkan dengan tindakan-tindakan lain yang tidak hanya berupa kepekaan
terhadap prinsip-prinsip dan aturan-aturan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian perkembangan moral telah
kita ketahui arti dari kedua suku katanya yaitu perkembangan dan moral. Maka
selanjutnya kita mulai memahami arti dari gabungan dua kata tersebut
“Perkembangan Moral” Santrock (1995) Perkembangan moral adalah perkembangan
yang berkaitan dengan aturan dan konvensi mengenai apa yang seharusnya
dilakukan oleh manusia dalam interaksinya dengan orang lain. Perkembangan moral
adalah perubahan-perubahan perilaku yang terjadi dalam kehidupan anak berkenaan
dengan tatacara, kebiasaan, adat, atau standar nilai yang berlaku dalam
kelompok sosial.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
buku yang lain, Perkembangan moral adalah perubahan penalaran, perasaan, dan
perilaku tentang standar mengenai benar dan salah. Perkembangan moral memiliki
dimensi intrapersonal, yang mengatur aktivitas seseorang ketika ia tidak
terlibat dalam interaksi sosial dan dimensi interpersonal yang mengatur
interaksi sosial dan penyelesaian konflik (Gibbs, 2003; Power, 2004; Walker
& Pitts, 1998) . Tahapan perkembangan moral Lawrence Kohlberg dibuat
setelah terinspirasi hasil kerja Jean Piaget dan kekagumannya akan reaksi
anak-anak terhadap dilema moral yang disebut tahapan-tahapan perkembangan moral
dari Kohlberg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-44717632090901983802015-10-08T20:39:00.000-07:002015-10-08T20:47:17.331-07:00Pengaruh Musik Dalam Kestabilan Emosi Bermain Game Flappy Bird<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</style> <span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Saat kita berkonsentrasi kemudian ada gangguan seperti suara bising
ataupun suara yang mengganggu konsentrasi kita maka konsentrasi kita akan kacau
dan menjadi panik. Emosi terbagi menjadi dua yaitu emosi positif dan emosi
negatif.<o:p></o:p></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Game flappy bird memancing emosi seseorang, membuat kesal karena
banyak orang yang tidak bisa menyelesaikan game ini. Bagi yang belum mahir
memainkan game ini maka emosi yang keluar dari seseorang adalah emosi negatif
seperti kesal, lain halnya dengan seseorang yang sudah mahir memainkan game ini, merasa mudah,
mendapatkan skor tinggi, dan emosi yang keluar adalah emosi positif seperti
senang dan menikmati game ini. <o:p></o:p></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Game flappy
bird membutuhkan konsentrasi yang tinggi, menstabilkan si burung agar tidak
jatuh dan tidak menabrak pipa. Saat diberi gangguan berupa musik rock yang
keras, seseorang yang tidak menyukai musik rock ataupun tidak bisa
menyelesaikan game apabila diberi gangguan, maka konsentrasi dan stabilitas
emosinya akan terganggu, akibatnya ia merasa semakin kesal dan emosi. Lain
halnya dengan seseorang yang menyukai musik rock ataupun mahir bermain game ini
maka konsentrasi dan stabilitas emosinya tidak terganggu</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b> </b></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.25in; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Analisis Jurnal</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Judul:
Pleasure To Play, Arousal To Stay: The Efeect of Player Emotions on Digital
Game Preferences and Playing Time<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditulis
Oleh: Karolien Poels, Ph.D, Wouter van den Hoogen, Ph.D, Wijnand Ijsselsteijn,
Ph.D, dan Yvonne de Kort, Ph.D<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instansi:
Department of Communication Studies, University of Antwerp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Website: </span><span lang="IN"><a href="mailto:karolien.poels@ua.ac.be"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">karolien.poels@ua.ac.be</span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Abstrak</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi ini meneliti</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="hps">bagaimana emosi</span> <span class="hps">pemain</span>
<span class="hps">selama permainan berlangsung, yang diukur melalui</span> <span class="hps">laporan diri</span> <span class="hps">dan rekaman fisiologis</span>, <span class="hps">memprediksi</span> <span class="hps">waktu bermain</span> <span class="hps">dan pilihan game yang disukai.</span> Dalam melihat emosi pemain <span class="hps">kami</span> <span class="hps">membedakan waktu yaitu waktu yang panjang
yaitu 3 minggu setelah bermain game dan waktu yang pendek setelah bermain game.
Pada kelompok melihat emosi dalam waktu yang pendek yaitu setelah bermain game
emosi pemain positif yaitu merasakan kesenangan. Hasil ini</span> <span class="hps">ditemukan</span> <span class="hps">baik melalui</span> <span class="hps">laporan
diri</span> <span class="hps">dan</span> <span class="hps">tindakan</span> <span class="hps">emosi</span> <span class="hps">fisiologis</span>. <span class="hps">Studi ini dimulai dengan</span>
<span class="hps">teori</span> <span class="hps">tentang game</span> <span class="hps">digital</span> <span class="hps">sebagai produk konsumen</span> <span class="hps">hedonis</span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Latar
Belakang</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bermain game
digital sebagian besar kegiatan yang disengaja orang untuk mengisi kebosanan.
Malone menjelaskan game gitital sebagai aktivitas dengan motivasi intrinsik.
Motivasi intrinsik dalam bermain game seperti pemain berfantasi, prestasi dalam
permainan seperti peningkatan level, perasaan.bagi mayoritas gamers motivasi
ekstrinsik seperti konsekuensi dari permainan misal hadiah uang kurang penting.
Motivasi intrinsik dapat dikaitkan dengan '' Konsumsi hedonis '' karena
menyebabkan pemain ketagihan, mementingkan diri sendiri, kenikmatan, memicu fantasi.
Game digital memiliki potensi memicu emosi yang kuat. Memilih, membeli, dan
bermain game digital bias disebut hedonis.
Penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa produk hedonis, respon emosional
selama uji coba produk memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan kepada sikap pada
produk berikutnya. Banyak penelitian tentang emosi pemain dalam bermain game
digital. Kami fokus pada dimensi emosional kesenangan seperti gairah , dan
dominasi ( disebut sebagai PAD dimensi ). Jenis emosi membuat adalah bagian
dari pengalaman emosional pemain selama pertandingan. Hubungan antara emosi
pemain dan konsumsi permainan digital hanya menerima sedikit perhatian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Tujuan</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melihat
kesenangan, gairah, dominasi saat bermain game untuk kemudian bermain dengan
perilaku yang positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Hipotesis</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H1: <span class="hps">Kesenangan</span> <span class="hps">yang dialami</span>
<span class="hps">saat bermain</span> <span class="hps">game</span> <span class="hps">digital</span> pemain akan bermain dengan perilaku yang positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H2: Gairah yang dialami saat bermain game digital pemain akan
bermain dengan perilaku yang positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H3: Dominasi yang dialami saat bermain game digital pemain akan
bermain dengan perilaku yang positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Metode</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Partisipan
berjenis kelamin perempuan sebanyak 7 orang berusia antara 18 dan 42 ( Mage =
23,47 tahun , SD = 7.24 ) mengambil bagian dalam percobaan . Frekuensi
game-play berkisar dari '' beberapa kali setahun'' ( n = 4 ) , '' bulanan ( n =
4 ) , '' mingguan” ( n = 5 ) untuk ''
harian '' ( n = 6 ) . Studi ini memiliki desain dalam subjek , dan melibatkan
dua laboratorium sesi : pertama tahan 90 menit untuk mana peserta 15 yang
diterima , kedua berlangsung 20 menit yang peserta menerima 5. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
menggunakan empat game PC: dua game First Person Shooter (Battlefield 1942,
Hitman Contrac) dan dua pertandingan balap (Colin McRae, Trackmania),
memberikan variasi dalam genre dan realisme (realistis: Battlefield dan Colin
McRae, fiksi: Hitman <br />
Contracts dan Trackmania). Semua empat pertandingan yang sangat dinilai,
relatif murah, dan memiliki persyaratan sistem yang wajar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Peserta
memainkan masing-masing dari empat pertandingan selama 10 menit dalam urutan
seimbang. Setiap selesai sesi bermain, peserta menilai pengalaman mereka </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada p</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">enilaian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">iri
Self-Assessment</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(SAM-scale), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">skala </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">self-report visual yang didasarkan pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dimensi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PAD</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dari Mehrabian
dan Russell dan mencakup tiga sembilan poin skala visual dimana peserta harus menunjukkan berapa banyak
kesenangan, dominasi, dan gairah yang mereka rasa saat bermain game komputer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah waktu
yang dihabiskan bermain empat game bervariasi antar peserta (Min: 114 menit,
Max: 4.342 menit). Setelah 3 minggu, sesi lab kedua terjadi. Sekali lagi, kami
meminta peserta untuk member peringkat game mana yang paling mereka suka, ingin
terus, dan ingin membeli. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Hasil</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
bermain</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka pendek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">emosi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pemain</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dilaporkan sendiri oleh pemainnya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hanya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> rasa </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">senang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memiliki</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">efek positif pada</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">waktu bermain</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka pendek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">β </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,31</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">= 2.61</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,011</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Waktu
bermain jangka panjang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rasa
senang (β = 0,26, t (64) = 2,13, p = 0,037) menunjukkan efek positif untuk
waktu bermain jangka panjang. Analisis pengukuran menunjukkan pengaruh yang
signifikan dari aktivitas utama zygomaticus (β = 0,23, t (64) = 2,05, p =
0,045), dan positif, namun hanya sedikit signifikan, efek SCL (β = 0,22, t (67)
= 1,83; p = 0,072) pada waktu bermain jangka panjang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Permainan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kesukaan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka pendek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">emosi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pemain</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang dilaporkan sendiri</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, rasa </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">senang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,36</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.16</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,002</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memiliki efek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">positif yang signifikan terhadap</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">permainan kesukaan jangka pendek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tindakan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fisiologis</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menunjukkan pola yang sama</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">di mana</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">zygomaticus</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aktivitas</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">utama</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menunjukkan efek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">positif yang signifikan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,31</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2,77</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,007</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada preferensi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">permainan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka pendek</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesukaan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">permainan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka panjang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kesukaan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">permainan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka panjang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa senang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang dilaporkan sendiri</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> oleh pemain </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">β </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,21</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,78</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,079</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hanya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sedikit signifikan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">namun</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gairah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang dilaporkan sendiri</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,27</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1,26</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,023</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengungkapkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dampak yang signifikan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang terakhir ini</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">juga ditemukan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">analisis</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan langkah-langkah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fisiologis</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">: </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SCL</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memiliki</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">efek positif pada</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kesukaan permainan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">jangka panjang</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">β </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">0,35</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">t</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">72) </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3,1</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">; </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">p</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">=
0,003</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">), </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sedangkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hasil</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">zygomaticus</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">utama adalah</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak signifikan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">G.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diskusi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak
memasukkan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pengalaman</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">permainan tertentu</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang telah diidentifikasi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai kontribusi terhadap</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kualitas motivasi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">intrinsik</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">game</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">digital</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">misalnya</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perendaman</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">kontrol,</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">flow.</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi masa depan harus</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengungkap</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bagaimana</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">faktor-faktor ini</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berinteraksi dengan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">emosi</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pemain</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> di</span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mana kontribusi unik</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mereka miliki untuk</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mempelajari</span></span><span class="longtext"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> perilaku </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bermain.</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span class="hps"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian Kami:<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Prosedur Eksperimen</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Eksperimen
ini dilakukan diruang fakultas psikologi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Responden
yang kami gunakan berjumlah 15 mahasiswa/mahasiswi, dimana terdiri dari 5 orang
laki-laki dan 10 orang perempuan. Pengambilan
sampel menggunakan metode random sampling.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
eksperimen ini untuk mengetahui apakah adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara
bermain </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">game </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">tanpa mendengarkan musik rock dan dengan
menggunakan musik rock. Responden diminta untuk bemain game flappy bird dengan
2 perlakuan yaitu dengan musik rock dan tanpa musik rock. Responden menggunakan
headset saat mendengarkan musik rock agar menambah tingkat keemosian seseorang
dan agar responden merasa terganggu dengan adanya musik tersebut. Responden
kemudian bermain game flappy bird dengan waktu masing masing perlakuan 2 menit
dengan tidak ada batasan pengulangan. Kemudian responden diminta untuk menjawab
pertanyaan mengenai apakah ada perbedaan stabilitas emosi dalam bermain game
dengan menggunakan musik rock dan tidak menggunakan musik rock. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Hipotesis </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H0: tidak
ada pengaruh musik rock terhadap kestabilan emosi seseorang dalam bermain game flappy
bird<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H1: ada pengaruh musik rock terhadap kestabilan emosi seseorang dalam
bermain game flappy bird<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><b>Analisis Hasil Penelitian</b><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Inisial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jenis Kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Emosi sebelum eksperimen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Emosi setelah mendengar musik rock<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hambatan dalam bermain game<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Perbedaan kesulitan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: windowtext windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan emosi dan skor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">RHP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DJ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TANPA MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">H<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">O<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TANPA MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">F<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SETARA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">GI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">M<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">POSITIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TIDAK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> ADA <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SETARA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">MD<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">POSITIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">POSITIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">GS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">POSITIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">RC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">P<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 28.35pt;" valign="top" width="38"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BZ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.7pt;" valign="top" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">L<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.5pt;" valign="top" width="90"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NETRAL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 68.15pt;" valign="top" width="91"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NEGATIF<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.15pt;" valign="top" width="123"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.05pt;" valign="top" width="113"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DENGAN MUSIK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.65pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ADA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan data penelitian dapat disimpulkan hasil
penelitian sebagai berikut :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan emosi responden dari keadaan
bermain game tanpa musik ke keadaan bermain game dengan musik rock :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari NETRAL ke NEGATIF sebanyak 9 responden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari NETRAL ke POSITIF sebanyak 3 responden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari NETRAL ke NETRAL sebanyak 1 responden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari NEGATIF ke NETRAL sebanyak 1 responden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari NEGATIF ke POSITIF sebanyak 1 responden </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hambatan dalam bermain game:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ADA sebanyak 11 responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TIDAK ADA sebanyak 4 responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lebih sulit menggunakan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DENGAN MUSIK sebanyak 11 responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TANPA MUSIK sebanyak 2 responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">SETARA sebanyak 2 responden <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hubungan emosi dengan skor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TIDAK ADA sebanyak 3 responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ADA sebanyak 12 responden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar perubahan emosi mempengaruhi
perilaku (dalam hal ini skor <i>game</i>) dalam bermain <i>game</i>, baik emosi
negatif maupun positif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: -0.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian besar responden mengalami
kesulitan yang lebih saat mendengarkan musik rock saat bermain game. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ensory
information berdasarkan eksperimen kami adalah musik, munculnya emosi pada
responden dikarenakan musik rock. Kemudian dari sensory information ke thalamus
(bagian otak yang berfungsi sebagai stasiun relay), kemudian ke sensory
cortices. Kemudian ke prefrontal cortex yaitu responden yang merespon dengan
tidak marah (karena proses berfikir) dan responden yang merespon dengan
perasaan marah seperti kesal, memukul-mukul meja, berteriak, dan gelisah
(karena proses tidak berfikir) disebabkan karena adanya musik rock. Kemudian ke
hipocampus (suka atau tidak suka dengan musik rock). Lalu ke amigadala (emosi). Setelah itu ke
somatic NS (respon yang dikehendaki) apabila responden mengeluarkan keringat,
memukul meja, teriak, gelisah, marah. Atau setelah ke amigdala ke autonomic NS
(respon yang tidak dikehendaki) apabila respon merasakan relax, tenang, tetap
fokus karena syaraf simpatis yang bekerja. Ada responden yang setelah ke
sensory cortices langsung ke amigdala karena tidak berfikir untuk marah (diam
saja). Responden yang setelah ke thalamus langsung ke amigdala karena mempunyai
kejadian traumatis mengenai musik rock. Ada responden yang setelah ke
prefrontal cortex langsung ke amigdala karena tidak mempunyai memori mengenai
musik rock.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa
musik rock mempengaruhi kestabilan emosi seseorang dalam bermain game flappy
bird. Berdasarkan hasil eksperimen sebagian besar emosi responden saat
memainkan game dengan tidak mendengarkan musik rock adalah emosi yang positif
seperti menikmati game, santai, fokus, dan menyenangkan meskipun saat flappy
bird jatuh karena menabrak pipa responden sempat kesal namun mereka mau
mencobanya kembali. Dan saat responden bermain game dengan mendengarkan musik
rock dan dengan menggunakan headset, responden merasa sangat terganggu, tidak
fokus, tertekan sehingga emosi yang dikeluarkan adalah emosi negatif seperti
marah, kesal, menggetuk-getuk meja, dan berteriak. Skor yang diperoleh saat
mendengarkan lagu rock cenderung lebih kecil dibanding dengan tidak
mendengarkan musik rock dikarenakan responden lebih fokus karena game ini
memerlukan kefokusan yang tinggi dan strategi tinggi. Meskipun ada responden
yang mengatakan musik rock mengganggu namun skornya lebih tinggi dibanding
tidak mendengarkan musik rock hal itu dikarenakan responden tersebut sudah
belajar dari kesalahan pertamanya dan mrmpunyai strategi tertentu serta memiliki
motivasi untuk bisa meningkatkan skor sehingga individu tersebut tidak terlalu
menghiraukan musik rock tersebut meskipun menurutnya musik rock mengganggu
konsentrasinya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Ada responden yang tidak bisa bermain game flappy bird
dan skornya tetap sama di 2 perlakuan tersebut yaitu skornya 0 dan tidak
mengeluarkan emosi apa-apa atau netral, namun responden yang tidak bisa bermain
flappy bird cenderung lebih emosi jika mendengarkan musik rock karena
menurutnya musik rock berisik dan mengganggu mereka meskipun skor mereka tidak
meningkat. Ada responden yang menikmati bermain flappy bird dengan skor tinggi
diatas 40 karena sudah terbiasa bermain game ini, 1 responden merasa dengan
musik rock atau tanpa musik rock tidak ada perbedaan karena ia sudah lancar bermain
game ini dan menikmati musik rock. Ada 1 responden yang mendapatkan skor tinggi
saat tidak mendengarkan musik rock karena sudah terbiasa bermain game ini namun
saat mendengarkan musik rock skornya lebih kecil dan ia merasa terganggu dengan
adanya musik rock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebagian besar hasil skor responden lebih tinggi saat
tidak mendengarkan musik rock. Sebagian besar emosi responden sebelum bermain
game adalah netral dan saat bermain game dengan diperdengarkan musik rock emosi
mereka adalah emosi negatif. Sebagian besar responden menjawab ada hambatan
saat mendengarkan musik rock dan lebih sulit saat mendengarkan musik rock.
Jenis kelamin tidak menjadi acuan kestabilan emosi dalam bermain game karena
baik laki-laki maupun perempuan sama-sama terganggu saat diperdengarkan musik
rock, walaupun laki-laki cenderung suka mendengarkan musik rock namun saat
bermain game flappy bird dengan membutuhkan strategi dan fokus yang tinggi ia
akan merasa terganggu dengan mendengarkan musik rock karena berisik apalagi
memakai headset. Emosi sebelum bermain game netral ke negatif artinya musik
rock memperngaruhi emosi responden, netral ke netral artinya musik rock tidak
mempengaruhi emosi karena responden menikmati bermain game dan tidak merasa
terganggu dengan adanya musik rock, negatif ke netral artinya musik rock
mempengaruhi emosi responden tetapi lebih ke emosi positif, netral ke positif
artinya musik rock mengakibatkan responden lebih menikmati game dan musik rock
membangkitkan rasa semangat baginya, negatif ke positif artinya musik rock
mengakibatkan responden lebih bersemangat. Hambatan dalam bermain game,
reponden yang menjawab ada hambatan berarti ia tidak bisa menyelesaikan game
flappy bird atau musik rock mengakibatkan responden gagal dalam menyelesaikan
permainan, responden yang menjawab tidak ada hambatan berarti ia bisa
mendapatkan skor yang menurutnya tinggi, dan skornya tidak berbeda jauh, skor,
dan ia menikmati permainan ini dengan adanya musik maupun tanpa musik. Responden
yang menjawab lebih sulit dengan musik berarti musik berpengaruh dan
mengakibatkan reponden tidak fokus, Tanpa musik berarti reponden lebih mudak
bermain game dan mendapatkan skor tinggi bila tanpa musik, setara berarti
dengan musik atau tanpa musi sama-sama sulit. Responden yang menjawab tidak ada
hubungan emosi dan skor beratti emosi tidak mempengaruhinya dalam mendapatkan
skor dan musik tidak mempengaruhinya dalam meraih skor tinggi, sedangkan
responden yang menjawab ada hubungan emosi dan skor artinya saat emosinya
negatif karena diperdengarkan musik rock maka skor yang didapatkan akan menurun
dan lebih kecil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa H0 ditolak dan
H1 tidak ditolak maka musik rock mempengaruhi kestabilan emosi seseorang dalam
bermain game flappy bird.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Diambil pada mata kuliah Faal dari hasil eksperimen kelompok 7 tentang emosi </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ciputat, 27 April 2014 </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-15883991577176232502015-10-08T20:23:00.001-07:002015-10-08T20:43:27.457-07:00SENSITIFITAS GUSTATORY ANTARA PEROKOK AKTIF DAN PEROKOK PASIF<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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merupakan salah satu organ penting yang dimiliki oleh manusia yang mempunyai
peran penting dalam kehidupan dalam sistem penginderaan manusia. Dalam
kehidupan sehari-hari manusia akan merasakan berbagai macam rasa dalam indera
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benda yang akan masuk ke tubuh melalui mulut. Hal ini berfungsi untuk memilah
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indera pengecapan juga memiliki
hubungan dengan indera penciuman kita. Rasa yang dirasakan oleh lidah akan
diperkuat oleh indera penciuman kita. Seperti contoh seseorang yang harus
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dikarenakan saat rokok dihisap, nikotin yang terkondensasimasuk ke dalam rongga
mulut dan menutupi taste buds sehingga kemungkinan menghalangi interaksi
zat-zat makanan ke dalam reseptor pengecap. Kebiasaan menyirih merupakan salah
satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi sensitivitas indera pengecap. Hal ini
dikarekan partikel-partikel yang terkandung pada sirih yang terdeposit pada
waktu yang lama sehingga mengakibatkan pigmentasi dan penumpukan partikel pada
lidah yang dapat menghalangi interpretasi rasa. Oral higiene merupakan faktor
yang juga mempengaruhi sensitivitas indera pengecap. Oral higiene yang buruk
dapat mengakibatkan penumpukan plak sisa makanan yang terdeposit pada lidah
sehingga menghalangi interpretasi rasa. Di samping itu, oral higiene yang buruk
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut Wylio
(2011) dalam (Ineko, 2012) bahwa mereka yang merokok lebih dari dua bungkus
perhari pada usia setengah baya memiliki resiko 100% lebih tinggi terkena
demensia dibandingkan yang tidak merokok. Merupakan faktor risiko dari penyakit
stroke dan mendorong penyakit untuk merusak saraf, sehingga secara tidak
langsung merokok merupakan faktor resiko untuk terkena demensia. </span></div>
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<![endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perokok <o:p></o:p></span></b>
<br />
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black;">Perokok pasif</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="color: black;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black;">merupakan seorang penghirup asap rokok dari orang
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rambut menjadi bau, mata iritasi, hingga stroke otak. Sedangkan bagi ibu hamil,
asap rokok itu dapat mengganggu tumbuh kembang janin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black;"> Konsentrasi
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dihasilkan oleh asap yang mengepul dari ujung rokok yang sedang tak dihisap.
Sebab asap yang dihasilkan berasal dari pembakaran tembakau yang tidak
sempurna. Efek yang bisa terjadi terhadap kesehatan adalah kemunculan penyakit
asma, bronkitis, batuk, gangguan penyakit telinga, gangguan terhadap saraf dan
jantung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Dalam tubuh manusia, tar memicu terjadinya iritasi
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<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Dalam tubuh perokok pasif, tar akan terkonsentrasi tiga
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<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">Nikotin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Dalam tubuh manusia menimbulkan efek adiksi atau candu
yang memicu peningkatan konsumsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Dalam tubuh perokok pasif, nikotin akan terkonsentrasi
tiga kali lipat dibandingkan dalam tubuh perokok aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">Karbon Monoksida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Merupakan gas berbahaya yang dapat menurunkan kadar
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<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Dalam tubuh perokok pasif, gas berbahaya ini akan
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Berupa gas dan zat berbahaya yang jumlahnya mencapai
ribuan. Di tubuh manusia, bahan kimia berbahaya ini meningkatkan risiko
penyakit kanker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black;">- Dalam tubuh perokok pasif, bahan kimia berbahaya ini akan
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Perokok aktif </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah
seseorang yang secara teratur mengkonsumsi rokok 1 batang atau lebih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam setiap harinya paling sedikit 1
tahun. Biasanya dilakukan untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">memenuhi
kebutuhan psikologi seperti untuk menunjukan kedewasaan,<b><o:p></o:p></b> kejantanan, kebanggaan dan untuk
menghilangkan kecemasan serta sebagai alternatif untuk memecahkan masalah
yang sedang dihadapi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada perokok aktif, merokok dapat
meningkatkan risiko terkena penyakit jantung, meningkatkan kadar kolesterol dalam darah,
tekanan darah tinggi, gangguan janin, gangguan pernapasan, kerontokan rambut,
diabetes, penyakit mulut (diantaranya
kanker mulut, kanker leher, penyakit gigi, dan penyakit pada gigi dan napas),
dan juga dapat merusak indra pengecap, merusak Indra Pengecap, misalnya pada
perokok berat, maka ada kemungkinan akan kehilangan rasa dalam mengecap
makanan. Biasanya, para perokok cenderung suka makanan pedas tanpa mengeluh
tentang rasanya. Hal tersebut disebabkan karena indra mereka sudah mati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
didapat dari hasil presentasi kelompok 2, citra, uswah, dan kaffa<br />
Ciputat, 29 Maret 2014 <br />
<br />Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-18168136502765620762015-10-08T20:04:00.001-07:002015-10-08T20:08:06.633-07:00[Review Article Journal] Memahami proses Persepsi Indera Pengecapan melalui eksperimen<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"></link><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">ANALISA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jurnal
Pendukung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 99pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -99pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jurnal pendukung : Peningkatan Ambang Persepsi
dan Ambang Identifikasi Pengecapan Akibat Minuman Dingin Rasa Manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditulis oleh : Vinna K. Sugiaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -94.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Instansi : Program Studi Kedokteran
Gigi, Universitas Kristen Maranatha,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 94.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jl. Prof. drg. Suria Sumantri MPH No. 65
Bandung 40164 Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Website
: scholar.google.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Abstrak
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu
minuman dapat mempengaruhi fungsi pengecapan, yaitu berkurangnya ketajaman mendeteksi
rasa manis. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Sampel sejumlah
50 naracoba yang berusia antara 18-25
tahun dengan jenis kelamin pria dan wanita. Bahan yang digunakan adalah larutan
sukrosa dengan konsentrasi 0,0006 M sampai 0,06 M. <a name='more'></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil penelitian secara
statistik menunjukkan perbedaan rata – rata ambang persepsi rasa manis pada
suhu kamar (± 27˚C) dan suhu 4˚C adalah 0,01096 dan 0,02144 dengan simpangan
baku 0,00737 dan 0,00881. Nilai rata
–rata ambang identifikasi rasa manis pada suhu kamar (± 27˚C) dan suhu 4˚C
adalah 0,02176 dan 0,03216 dengan simpangan baku 0,01 dan 0,00903. Simpulan
penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat penurunan sensasi pengecapan dengan
terjadinya peningkatan ambang rasa manis pada suhu dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Latar
belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ambang
pengecapan terdiri atas ambang pendeteksian atau ambang persepsi dan ambang
pengenalan atau ambang identifikasi.
Ambang persepsi yaitu ambang yang diperoleh ketika seseorang dapat mendeteksi
larutan yang diminum, tetapi tidak dapat menyebutkan rasanya dengan tepat. Ambang
identifikasi yaitu ambang yang diperoleh ketika seseorang dapat dengan tepat
menyebutkan rasa dari suatu larutan.Makanan yang sangat dingin seperti es dan
minuman dingin dapat menurunkan kepekaan reseptor suhu, oleh karena itu
konsentrasi tinggi diperlukan untuk mempertahankan rasa. Misalnya kandungan sukrosa untuk es krim dengan suhu
dingin lebih banyak diperlukan daripada kandungan sukrosa untuk makanan dengan
suhu ruangan atau hangat untuk menimbulkan rasa manis yang sama, sehigga es
krim yang mencair akan terasa lebih manis apabila dibandingkan dalam keadaan
masih beku.Suhu makanan dan minuman akan mempengaruhi putik pengecap (taste bud)
untuk menangkap rangsangan rasa. Makanan dan minuman dengan suhu sangat dingin
dapat membius putik pengecap menjadi kurang peka, menjadi tidak peka lagi,
menyebabkan cedera, atau bahkan kematian sel yang pada umumnya tidak disadari
oleh kebanyakan individu. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah
informasi tentang perubahaan ambang pengecapan rasa manis yang dipengaruhi oleh
suhu dan yang berkaitan dengan fungsi pengecapan dalam hubungannya dengan selera makan dan minum yang diperlukan untuk
memelihara kelangsungan hidup manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
ini bertujuan untuk mengukur ambang rasa manis pada suhu 4˚C dan memperoleh
data mengenai gambaran ambang pengecapan rasa manis pada suhu 4˚C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotesis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahaan
ambang pengecapan rasa manis yang dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan yang berkaitan dengan
fungsi pengecapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Metode<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cara
kerja penelitian ini yaitu naracoba
diminta untuk menandatangani informed
consent, mengisi data pribadi pada lembar penelitian. Pertama-tama naracoba
diminta berkumur dahulu dengan air untuk membersihkan sisa makanan atau saliva yang terdapat pada rongga mulut. Setelah
itu diberi larutan sukrosa pertama yang dimulai dari konsentrasi terendah pada
suhu kamar dan diminta untuk meminumnya. Lalu berkumur-kumur lagi dengan air,
diberi lagi larutan sukrosa dengan peningkatan konsentrasi. Nilai ambang
persepsi dicatat pada konsentrasi saat naracoba dapat merasakan suatu
rangsangan yang berbeda tetapi ia belum dapat mengenali dengan pasti jenis rasa
apa yang dirasakan. Operator melanjutkan memberikan larutan sukrosa pada
susunan berikutnya dengan konsentrasi lebih tinggi dari konsentrasi sebelumnya,
sampai naracoba dapat mengidentifikasi secara benar dan pasti jenis rasa
larutan yang diminum. Hasilnya dicatat sebagai nilai ambang identifikasi. Hal
yang sama dilakukan untuk sukrosa dengan suhu 4˚C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hasil<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan, diperoleh nilai ambang persepsi dan
ambang identifikasi pengecapan rasa manis. Secara umum menujukkan terjadinya
peningkatan ambang persepsi dan ambang identifikasi pengecapan rasa manis
akibat pengaruh larutan sukrosa pada suhu 4˚C. Diperlukan konsentrasi larutan
sukrosa yang lebih besar pada suhu 4˚C untuk mencapai ambang persepsi dan
ambang identifikasi pengecapan rasa manis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diskusi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
ambang pengecapan yang meliputi ambang
persepsi dan ambang identifikasi setelah meminum larutan sukrosa pada suhu 4˚C
ditunjukkan dengan adanya peningkatan ambang pengecapan. Menurut dukungan teoritis peningkatan ambang
pengecapan disebabkan oleh: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkurangnya
kemampuan putik pengecap untuk menangkap rangsangan rasa. Apabila meminum
minuman dingin menjadi kebiasaan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbiusnya
putik pengecap oleh suhu dingin. Hal ini
terjadi apabila mengonsumsi minuman dalam keadaan sangat dingin sehingga putik
pengecap terbius dan menjadi tidak peka lagi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunnya
kepekaan reseptor pengecap di dalam mulut.
Pengaruh suhu minuman yang sangat dingin secara terus menerus akan
menyebabkan turunnya kepekaan reseptor pengecap di dalam rongga mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cedera
atau kematian sel yang disebabkan suhu
minuman yang dikonsumsi terlalu dingin, yang berakibat berkurangnya
sensitivitas pengecapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terbentuknya kristal es di dalam sel. Suhu
yang dikonsumsi sangat dingin menyebabkan bekunya reseptor pengecapan, akhirnya
terbentuk kristal es di dalam sel sehingga dapat menyebabkan sel menjadi mati
dan tidak dapat merespons stimulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
dukungan secara teoritis, kerusakan putik pengecap tergantung dari letak putik
pengecap dan jarak sumber rangsangan iritan terhadap putik pengecap. Jumlah
putik pengecap saat terkena rangsangan suhu akan berkurang, berkurangnya putik pengecap
berbanding lurus dengan penurunan intensitas pengecapan sehingga untuk meminum
larutan sukrosa pada suhu dingin diperlukan konsentrasi yang lebih besar agar minuman
yang dikonsumsi dapat terasa manis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Suhu
minuman mempunyai kecenderungan untuk mempengaruhi ambang pengecapan rasa manis.
Suhu minuman dingin (4˚C) mempunyai kecenderungan untuk meningkatkan ambang
pengecapan rasa manis. Ambang persepsi dan ambang identifikasi pengecapan rasa
manis cenderung lebih tinggi pada suhu 4˚C daripada pada suhu kamar (± 27˚C).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilustrasi
kasus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
kehidupan kita tak
pernah terlepas dari
aspek persepsi. Dalam menginterpretasikan rasa kita selalu dipengaruhi
oleh suhu, intensitas zat kimia yang terkandung dalam makanan/minuman tersebut.
Terkadang seseorang mengecap sesuatu perlu intensitas rasa yang lebih untuk
dapat mempersepsi rasa dari apa yang dimakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan jurnal diatas kami membuat sebuah
penelitian yang berjudul “<i>pengaruh suhu
terhadap ambang persepsi pengecapan manis</i>”. Dalam hal ini kami meneliti
apakah suhu berpengaruh pada intensitas rasa yang mencukupi untuk dipersepsi
sebagai rasa manis.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sarana pendukung<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Eksperimen
kami menggunakan instrument sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termometer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas 3 buah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Air mineral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Batu es<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Prosedur<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tester diminta untuk mengisi questionnaire <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tester dijelaskan bahwa penelitian ini menguji
tentang ambang persepsi mengenai rasa manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tester diminta untuk berkumur dengan air <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penguji menyediakan 3 gelas yang berisi air
mineral dengan suhu yang berbeda (biasa, dingin, panas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gula dengan takaran 10 gram ditambahkan pada
masing-masing larutan, diaduk dan tester diminta untuk mengecap larutan pertama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tester diminta berkumur sebelum mengecap larutan
kedua dan ketiga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Responden ditanyakan apakah sudah pada batas
manis yang cukup jika belum larutan ditambahkan gula lagi tiap 10 gram sampai
tester mencapai taraf manis yang cukup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah semua responden mencapai tahap manis yang
pas menurutnya pada ketiga larutan hasil dicatat dan responden diberikan
reward.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut form kusionernya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Nama :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Usia :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis kelamin :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; width: 650px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Uraian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah
Anda sedang terjangkit Flu ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah
Anda perokok ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah
Anda pecandu alcohol ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seringkah
Anda minum air dingin ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Seringkah
Anda minum air panas ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah
Anda sering menggunakan pemanis dalam minuman Anda ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
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<tr style="height: 22.1pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.8pt;" width="42"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 5in;" width="480"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Apakah
Anda menyukai makanan/minuman manis ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.1pt;" width="65"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 46.45pt;" width="62"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
keseharian, sebanyak apa Anda menambahkan pemanis (gula) dalam minuman susu,
teh, atau kopi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Makanan/minuman
apakah yang pernah Anda coba dan menurut Anda sangat manis ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hasil <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian kami lakukan dengan menggunakan 10
partisipan, mereka adalah mahasiswa Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif
Hidayatullah Jakarta. Pengambilan sampel kami lakukan dengan cara random
sampling, dimana sampel diambil secara acak merupakan represetasi dari populasi
yang ada. Parisipan terdiri dari 10 perempuan, dengan rentang usia 19 sampai 21
tahun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
dilakukan pada <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hari : Minggu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanggal : 30 Maret 2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tempat : Asrama putri UIN Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pukul : 10.05 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Data
Penelitian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 16.4pt;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" width="46"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" width="64"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Usia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 255.45pt;" valign="top" width="341"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Takaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.3pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 8.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dingin (6˚C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 8.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Normal (30˚C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 8.3pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Panas (68˚C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.4pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">IL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NAB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">N<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">SV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">NI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">CN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">RR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.55pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">DA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">19<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 15.55pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.4pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 34.6pt;" valign="top" width="46"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 81pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">TY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 48.2pt;" valign="top" width="64"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.85pt;" valign="top" width="105"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.2pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 16.4pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 93.4pt;" valign="top" width="125"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt; width: 473px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext black; border-style: solid; border-width: 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" width="74"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt -11.25pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="2" style="border-color: windowtext windowtext black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" width="93"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">Nama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: windowtext black windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 229.6pt;" width="306"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black;">Takaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.7pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Dingin
(6˚C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Normal
(30˚C)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Panas
(68˚C) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">IL<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">NSAB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">N <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">DS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">SV<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">NI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">CN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">RR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">DA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 18.7pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">TY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 18.7pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" rowspan="6" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 55.6pt;" valign="bottom" width="74"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Jumlah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Rata-rata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2.7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Modus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Terkecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Terbesar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: right;">
<span style="color: black;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.8pt;">
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 69.85pt;" valign="bottom" width="93"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">Simpangan
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.55pt;" valign="bottom" width="94"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: black;">40-20=20
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.05pt;" valign="bottom" width="112"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="nowrap" style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 17.8pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 75pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Diskusi
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme sistem gustatory dimulai dari apa yang
kita makan sebagai stimulus masuk kedalam mulut dan bercampur dengan air liur
dan akan diterima oleh reseptor gustatory yang letaknya bergantung pada rasa
yang diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya dari reseptor – reseptor tersebut
dilanjutkan oleh neuron – neuron ke bagian saraf kranial wajah (VII) yang
membawa informasi rasa dari depan lidah, kebagian saraf glassofaringeal (IX)
yang membawa informasi rasa dari bagian belakang lidah serta bagian saraf vagus
(IV) yang membawa informasi dari bagian belakang rongga mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serabut – serabut ini akan berkumpul di <i>solitarynucleus</i> dari medulla. Kemudian
bersinapsis dengan neuron lainnya dan akan berproyeksi ke <i>nukleus posterior ventral thalamus</i> sematosensori di bibir <i>superior fissura lateral</i>, dan ke korteks
gustatori sekunder yang berada didalam fisura lateral. Proyeksi pada sistem
gustatori adalah ipsilateral (searah). Daerah otak yag mengoragnisasikan rasa
berada di kelompok –kelompok tertentu sesuai pengkodeannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tiap kuncup pengecap
tersusun dari sel-sel yang memiliki rambut berukuran mikro yang sensitif,
disebut mikrovilli. Rambut-rambut super mini ini pada saat berkontak dengan
makanan akan mengirimkan pesan ke otak, lalu otak akan menerjemahkan
sinyal yang diberikan tersebut dan menentukan rasa dari makanan yang kita
makan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipotesis yang ingin
kami buktikan adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>0</sub> : Tidak ada pengaruh suhu terhadap ambang persepsi pengecapan
rasa manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>a</sub> : Ada pengaruh suhu terhadap ambang persepsi pengecapan rasa
manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan
hasil penelitian yang kami lakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa hasil eksperimen
kami menunjukan bahwa terjadi perubahan takaran gula pada suhu panas dan dingin
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hipotesis alternatif tidak ditolak, artinya ada pengaruh suhu terhadap ambang
persepsi seseorang dalam pengecapan rasa manis. Seperti yang diperlihatkan
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reseptor sistem gustatory atau perasa berada dilidah
dan bagian-bagian rongga mulut. Reseptor perasa disebut taste buds yang umumnya
terletak disekitar kuncup pengecap yang disebut papillae.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
gustatory : zat kimia bercampur dalam air ludah – zat kimia menempel pada
papilla – zat kimia diubah ke dalam impuls syaraf – impuls syaraf diteruskan ke
thalamus – thalamus meneruskan impuls ke lobus pariental – otak menterjemahkan
impuls sebagai rasa.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
memengaruhi pengecapan adalah suhu, kebersihan mulut, dan air liur.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari hasil
penelitian yang kami lakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa temperature dari suatu
makanan/minuman mempengaruhi ambang persepsi rasa manis dalam indera pengecapan
seseorang. Akan tetapi terdapat pengecualian pada orang yang terbiasa
menambahkan pemanis dalam minuman/makanannya.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span><b></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">aran</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk eksperimen
selanjutnya, agar memperhatikan instrument yang digunakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk penelitian
selanjutnya lebih banyak menggunakan sampel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk penelitian
selanjutnya mencoba meneliti ambang persepsi terhadap rasa lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
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eksperimen dengan membandingkan jenis kelamin untuk penelitian selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span><br />
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<br />
Credited by :<br />
Agung, Hany, Liya, Sitha, Fitroh <br />
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<br /></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-31022198964877772802015-10-08T19:52:00.001-07:002015-10-08T19:56:28.331-07:00Sistem Olfaktori dan Somatosensori<link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFAKULT%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso" rel="Edit-Time-Data"></link><!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Olfaktori <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
<b>olfaction </b> (penciuman) dan sistem <b>gustatory </b>(pengecapan) disebut sebagai sensasi kimiawi karena
berfungsi untuk memonitor substansi-substansi kimiawi dari lingkungan diluar
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
<i>olfactory</i> merespons subtansi kimiawi
yang ada diluar lingkungan dengan cara menghirup nafas melalui reseptor –
reseptor nasal, sedangkan sistem <i>gustatory</i>
merespons subtansi kimiawi yag terdapat dalam larutan yang berada dirongga
mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
makan, organ penciuman dan organ pengecapan saling berhubungan secara selaras
dalam bereaksi. Molekul – molekul makanan akan menstimulasi reseptor penciuman
dan pengecap yang akan menghasilkan kesan sensasi terintegrasi yang disebut
dengan rasa / flavor. Sehingga, bila seseorang mengalami hambatan dalam
organ penciumannya, maka akan mengalami
kesulitan untuk membedakan dua rasa yang berbeda, seperti rasa apel dan kentang
dan tidak bisa merasakan lezatnya
makanan.<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
manusia dan spesies tertentu ada yang melepaskan feromon (<i>pheromones)</i>, yaitu bahan kimia yang memengaruhi fisiologi dan
perilaku <i>conspecifis </i>(anggota lain
dari spesies yang sama). Ada beberapa contoh dampak sugestif akibat pengaruh
dari adanya feromon pada manusia, diantaranya sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ensivitas
penciuman pada wanita lebih tinggi ketika mereka sedang berevolusi atau sedang
hamil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklus
– siklus menstruasi pada wanita – wanita yang tinggal bersama cenderung
bersamaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia
khususnya perempuan dapat menyebutkan jenis kelamin seseorang hanya dari bau
keringatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia
dapat mengetahui siklus menstruasi wanita hanya berdasarkan bau vaginanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manusia
belajar mengembangkan aversi terkondisi terhadap rasa tertentu setelah
mengonsumsi makanan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem olfaktory<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulus
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulus dalam sistem olfaktori berupa
bahan – bahan kimia yang terdapat dalam lingkungan yang terhirup saat bernafas.
Reseptor indra penciuman adalah hidung. Reseptor penerima bau terdiri dari
jutaan reseptor yang terletak dihidung bagian atas dalam jaringan tertutup
selaput lendir yang tidak dilalui udara yang disebut <b><i>olfactory mucosa</i></b>. Selaput
lendir berfungsi untuk melembabkan uadara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anatomi
dan mekanisme sistem olfactory<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
olfactory terdiri dari dendrit – dendrit yang terletak di saluran – saluran
pernafasan dan akson – aksonnya melalui suatu bagian ditulang tengkorak (<i>cribriform plate)</i> yang kemudian masuk ke
<i>olfactory bulbs</i> lalu bersinaps dengan
neuron – neuron lainnya yang akan diproyeksikan melewati traktus olfactory
menuju otak.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
saluran olfactory akan berproyeksi ke beberapa struktur lobus temporal medial
termasuk amigdala dan korteks piriform (dekat dengan amigdala). Sistem
olfactory adalah satu – satunya sistem sensori yang jalur utama keotaknya tidak
harus melalui talamus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam sistem olfactory,
terdapat dua jalur menuju otak, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 79.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
daerah piriform – amigdala berproyeksi menyebar ke sistem limbik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 79.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
daerah piriform – amigdala brproyeksi melalui <i>nuklei dorsal medial thalamus</i> ke korteks orbitofrontal (daerah
korteks di permukaan inferior lobus frontal disebelah orbits atau lekuk mata).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kepekaan penciuman manusia lebih rendah
dibandingkan dengan kepekaan penciuman anjing bahkan anjing lebih peka 10.000
kali dari manusia. Daerah indra penciumannya
4-6 kali lebih halus dari manusia. Padahal anjing otaknya lebih kecil.
Hal ini karena sel reseptor penciuman pada anjing lebih banyak dan bagian otak
yang mengaturnya juga lebih banyak. Selain itu, anjing bisa berkonsentrasi
lebih lama mencium bau dibandingkan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemampuan membaui makhluk hidup bergantung
pada hal – hal berikut ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Susunan
rongga hidung, tempat reseptor pembau pada setiap orang berbeda bentuknya.
Contohnya : pada orang yang berhidung mancung akan lebih luas daripada yang
berhidung pesek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Variasi
fisiologis contohnya pada wanita saat sebelum menstruasi atau pada saat hamil
muda akan menjadi sangat peka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies,
pada spesies tertentu yang kemampuan survivalnya bergantung pada pembauan akan
memiliki indra pembau yang lebih peka. Contohnya pada anjing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">d.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Besarnya
konsentrasi dari substansi yang berbau. Misalnya <i>skatol </i> (bau busuk yang
terdapat pada kotoran atau faeces) memiliki konsentrasi yang kuat karena
memiliki kemampuan menguap yang tinggi. Bila konsentrasinya kuat, maka baunya
busuk, sebaliknya bila konsentrasinya rendah akan menimbulkan bau yang berbeda.
Contohnya, pada bunga yang mengandung skatol dalam konsentrasi yang rendah
malah akan menimbulkan bau harum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan
pada sistem olfactory</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerusakan pada
sistem olfactory salah satunya adalah <b>anosmania,</b>
yaitu ketidakmampuan untuk mencium bau. Hal ini bisa disebabkan karena
pertambahan usia. Berdasarkan penelitian usia 80 tahun keatas 50% menderita
anosmania. Selain itu, bisa disebabkan faktor neurologis yang terjadinya
benturan dikepala yang menyebabkan perubahan otak dalam tengkorak dan memotong
saraf-saraf olfaktori yang melalui <b><i>ciribform plate. </i></b>Defisit sistem
olfaktori bisa dialami oleh orang – orang yang mengalami gangguan neurologis,
seperti penyakit <i>alzheimer, sindroma
down, epilepsi, parkinson, multiple sclerosis, sindroma korsakoff.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Somatosensorik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Somatosensory adalah sensasi-sensasi dari badan dan pergerakannya.
Sedangkan Sistem somatosensorik adalah
sistem yang memediasi sensasi badaniah.
Stimulus yang direspon oleh sistem somatosensorik adalah : sentuhan
pembeda (yang mengenali bentuk sebuah objek), tekanan kuat, dingin, hangat.
Nyeri, gatal, geli, posisi serta
pergerakan sendi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem somatosensory bergantung pada beragam reseptor yang
sensitive terhadap stimulasi yang berbeda pada kulit dan jaringan internal.
Otak mempertahankan beberapa perwakilan somatosensorik tubuh yang parallel.
Stimulus berupa luka mengeksitasi reseptor nyeri yang merupakan ujung saraf
yang tidak bercabang. Beberapa reseptor nyeri juga memberikan respon terhadap
panas, asam, panas dan kapsaisin (senyawa kimia yang menyebabkan cabai terasa
pedas).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reseptor somatosensorik dan fungsinya <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reseptor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merespon<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ujung saraf
bebas (akson yang tidak bermielin atau tipis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pangkal
rambut dan beberapa lokasi lain didalam kulit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nyeri, hangat
dan dingin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
<tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reseptor
folikel rambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit yang
ditumbuhi rambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pergerakan
rambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Korpuskula
pacini <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit yang
ditumbuhi rambut dan yang tidak berambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
posisi kulit secara mendadak atau getaran berfrekuensi tinggi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Korkuskula
meissner <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit tak
berambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perubahan
posisi kulit secara mendadak atau getaran berfrekuensi rendah( geletar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lempeng
merkel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit yang
ditumbuhi rambut dan yang tidak berambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sentuhan
berarah pada kulit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ujung saraf
ruffini <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kulit yang
ditumbuhi rambut dan yang tidak berambut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Peregangan
kulit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bonggol
Krause <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagian
besar atau seluruhnya terletak pada kulit yang tidak berambut, mungkin
termasuk kulit kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 154.05pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Belum
diketahui dengan pasti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tr>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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type="#_x0000_t75" alt="BP6e-Fig-08-13-0" style='width:405pt;height:275.25pt;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Anatomi kulit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lapisan Kulit terdiri dari : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Epidermis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
lapisan kulit bagian luar yang
mengandung melanin dan pigmen <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dermis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
lapisan kulit bagian dalam yang mengandung akhiran syaraf, kelenjar keringat,
kelenjar keringat dan folikel rambut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hypodermis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merupakan
jaringan langgar dibawah lapisan dermis sering disebut dengan lapisan lemak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="BP6e-Fig-08-04-0" style='width:425.25pt;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6. Mekanisme somatosensorik <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Badan paccini
menterjemahkan stimulus tekanan menjadi sinyal listrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Informasi dari
reseptor sentuhan kepala kebawah masuk kekarda spinalis menuju otak melalui
dermatome (area kulit yang terhubung dengan syaraf sensorik di korda spinalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Area pada thalamus somatosensorik mengirimkan
implus pada korteks somatosensorik utama dilobus parietal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-85236520422121648162015-10-08T19:48:00.000-07:002015-10-08T19:57:22.491-07:00Indera Pengecapan kaitannya dengan Persepsi Psikologis<div style="color: #fff2cc;">
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagaimana
telah diketahui bahwa persepsi ialah proses peng-integrasian dalam diri
individu terhadap stimulus yang diterima. Perbedaan persepsi pada individu
tergantung pada motivasi, kebutuhan, titik fokus dan tergantung pada pengalaman
informasi yang diterima oleh individu.Stimulus yang diterima oleh indera
(V-K-O-G) dan diartikan menurut pengalaman masing-masing setiap individu. Salah
satu dari indera reseptor yang akan dibahas dalam makalah ini ialah Gustatori
atau indera pengecapan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persepsi pengecapan
atau rasa didapatkan dari indera pengecap yaitu lidah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengecap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau gustasi
adalah suatu bentuk kemoreseptor </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">langsung
dan merupakan satu dari lima</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;"> indra</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tradisional. Indra ini merujuk pada kemampuan
mendeteksi rasa suatu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">zat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> seperti </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">makanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> atau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">racun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan banyak hewan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">vertebrata</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> lain, indra pengecapan terkait dengan indra </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">penciuman</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">persepsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> otak terhadap </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">rasa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sensasi
pengecapan klasik mencakup </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">manis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">asin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">masam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">pahit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Belakangan, ahli-ahli </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">psikofisik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">neurosains</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengusulkan untuk menambahkan kategori lain, terutama
rasa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">gurih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (umami) dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">asam lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.Sel reseptor pengecapan pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">manusia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ditemukan pada permukaan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">lidah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">langit-langit lunak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, serta </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">epitelium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;"> faring</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">epiglotis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.<a name='more'></a></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian bagaimana reaksi yang terjadi pada permukaan lidah apabila terkena
berbagai macam stimulus yang diterima oleh indera pengecapan. </span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi
alat indera pengecap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
dalam persepsi indera pengecapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
yang mempengaruhi persepsi indera pengecapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Definisi Alat Indera Pengecapan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reseptor
sistem gustatory atau perasa berada dilidah dan bagian-bagian rongga mulut.
Reseptor perasa disebut taste buds yang umumnya terletak disekitar kuncup
pengecap yang disebut papillae. Reseptor perasa tidak memiliki axon sendiri.
Tiap neuron yang membawa impuls dari taste buds, akan menerima input dari
beberapa reseptor sekaligus. Sinyal yang timbul pada reseptor perasa akan
meluas kesistem second-order neuron yang akan disampaikan ke cortex.Saraf
afferen pada sistem gustatory meninggalkan rongga mulut yang merupakan bagian
dari saraf cranial bagian facial, glossopharyngeal, dan vagu. Informasi bermula
dari bagian depan lidah, kebagian belakang lidah, akhirnya menuju kebagian
belakang rongga mulut. Saraf-saraf tersebut akan berakhir di solitary nucleus
di medulla dan bersinapsis dengan neuron yang akan menyampaikan pesan ke ventral
posterior nucleus di thalamus letaknya berbeda dengan bagian penerima implus
dari stimulasi oral yang motorik sifatnya. Axon-axon pada nucleus ventral
posterior akan membawa berita ke primary gustatory cortex dan ke secondary
gustatory cortex. Sistem gustatory juga akan menuju sistem lymbic. Proyeksi
impuls ke hypothalamus diperkirakan memiliki peranan penting dalam mengatur
rasa lapar.Satu hal lagi yang perlu diingat dalam sistem gustatory yaitu,
berbeda dengan sistem sensoris yang lain, sistem gustatory diproyeksikan secara
ipsilateral.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam fungsinya, lidah tidak
pernah istirahat. Tidak seperti kelenjar saliva yang “istirahat” pada saat kita
tidur sehingga produksi saliva menurun, lidah tetap beraktivitas meskipun kita
sedang tidur.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidah mendorong
saliva ke tenggorokan supaya bisa ditelan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini menguntungkan, karena kalau
tidak di bantal akan terbentuk pulau-pulau besar setiap kali kita tidur.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN">Rasa adalah sebuah saluran input yang istimewa, dilengkapi dengan
karakteristik submodalitasnya sendiri. Submodlitas gustatory mencakup manis,
asam, pahit dan asin. Ada juga yang disebut dengan “predikat gustatory” yaitu
kata-kata yang mengacu secara spesifik pada rasa dan kwalitas rasanya. Meskipun
demikian, dalam bahasa Inggris kecuali ketika digunakan untuk membuat
penjelasan tentang makanan secara spesifik acuan pada “predikat gustatory”
adalah dasarnya bersifat metafora, lebih mengindikasikan respon emosional
daripada proses kognisi. Contohnya ungkapan seperti : “Dunia ini sungguh pahit
di mulutku” memanfaatkan rasa secara lebih puitis atau perlambangan daripada
makna sebenarnya. Contoh lainnya dari pribahasa berbasis gustatory : Manisnya
kesuksesan, Kekalahan yang pahit, Mukanya sungguh masam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in 0in 5pt 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengecapan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengecapan merupakan hasil stimulasi ujung saraf tertentu.Pada manusia,
ujung saraf pengecap berlokasi di kuncup-kuncup pengecap pada lidah. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidah merupakan </span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;">kemoreseptor untuk merasakan respon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">rasa asin,
asam, manis, pahit, dan umami.</span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; padding: 0in;"> Tiap rasa pada zat yang masuk
ke dalam rongga mulut akandirespon oleh lidah di tempat yang
berbeda-beda. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kuncup-kuncup pengecap mempunyai
bentuk seperti labu, terletak pada lidah di bagian depan hingga belakang. Dalam satu papila terdapat banyak kuncup
pengecap (taste bud) yaitu suatu bangunan berbentuk bundar yang terdiri
dari 2 jenis sel, yaitu sel-sel penyokong dan sel-sel pengecap sebagai
reseptor. Setiap sel pengecap memiliki tonjolan-tonjolan seperti rambut yang
menonjol keluar taste bud melalui taste pore (lubang). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan demikian zat-zat kimia yang terlarut dalam cairan ludah akan
mengadakan kontak dan merangsang sel-sel kemudian timbul</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">lah impuls yang akan menjalar ke
syaraf no VII dan syaraf IX otak untuk diteruskan ke thalamus dan berakhir di
daerah pengecap primer di lobus parietalis untuk kemudian diinterpretasikan.
Makanan yang dikunyah bersama air liur memasuki kuncup pengecap melalui
pori-pori bagian atas. Di dalam makanan akan merangsang ujung saraf yang
mempunyai rambut (Gustatory hair). Dari ujung tersebut pesan akan dibawa ke
otak, kemudian diinterpretasikan dan sebagai hasilnya kita dapat mengecap
makanan yang masuk ke dalam mulut kita. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiap kuncup pengecap tersusun dari sel-sel yang memiliki rambut berukuran
mikro yang sensitif, disebut mikrovilli. Rambut-rambut super mini ini pada saat
berkontak dengan makanan akan mengirimkan pesan ke otak, lalu otak akan
menerjemahkan sinyal yang diberikan tersebut dan menentukan rasa dari makanan
yang kita makan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi Lidah</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada manusia, lidah dalam keadaan
sehat dapat membedakan rasa gula yang manis, rasa garam yang asin, rasa obat
yang pahit dan rasa asam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">angsang
yang diterima indra pengecap berupa larutan zat berasa. Larutan ini akan
diterima oleh reseptor pengecap (papila) yang terdapat di lidah. Dalam
papila terdapat bulu-bulu saraf (gustatory hair) yang berfungsi
menghantarkan <span class="u2lot0fe">impuls</span> ke otak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidah memiliki
permukaan yang bersifat kasar karena memiliki tonjolan yang disebut papila.
Papila dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Papila Filiformis :
Berbentuk seperti benang halus. Banyak terdapat di bagian depan lidah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Papila ini menyebar diseluruh permukaan lidah yang merupakan papila
peraba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Papila Fungiformis :
Berbentuk tonjolan seperti kepala jamur. Banyak terdapat pada bagian depan
lidah dan bagian sisi lidah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Papila Sirku</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">valata : Berbentuk bulat. Tersusun seperti huruf ‘V’ di belakang lidah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat 7-9 buah terletak pada pangkal lidah. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada papila
sirkum valata inilah terdapat puting kecap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Semakin tua usia maka jumlah puting
kecap semakin menurun. Sehingga pada orang tua, sensitivitas pengecapan menjadi
berkurang.Secara umum dapat disebutkan bahwa setiap tunas pengecap akan
merespon secara maksimal terhadap salah satu rasa di atas. Tunas pengecap untuk
rasa pahit terutama terletak pada pangkal lidah. Untuk rasa manis dan asin
terdapat di ujung lidah, dan untuk rasa asam terdapat di sisi lidah.Ada tumpang
tindih area penerima rasa terutama bagian posterior dan lateral, yaitu rasa
asin dan asam. Rasa manis mempunyai ambang rasa tinggi dan snsifitas yang
rendah, rasa pahit menunjukkan ambang yang rendah dan sensitifitas tinggi,
sedangkan asin dan asam diantara keduanya.Saliva membantu pelarutan makanan
sebab hanya makanan yang larut yang dapat dikecap. Sinyal reflek viseral
berintegrasi dengan pusat degistif di medula, perintah motor parasimpatis
dikirim ke kelenjar ludah melalui saraf fasialis dan ke lambung melalui nervus
vagus ke sistem limbik dan hipotalamus untuk reseptor afektif.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiap tunas pengecap dipersarafi oleh 50 serabut saraf dan tiap serabut
saraf menerima rata-rata 5 tunas pengecap. Jika saraf sensori dipotong, maka
tunas pengecap yang disarafinya akan berdegenerasi kemudian hilang. Papila filiformis berbentuk kerucut
kecil yang menutupi dorsum lingua dan biasanya tidak mengandung tunas
pengecapan. Pada orang dewasa mempunyai 10.000 puting pengecap dan pada
anak-anak sedikit lebih banyak daripada orang dewasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Serabut saraf sensori dari tunas
pengecapan terdapat pada 2/3 anterior lidah, bejalan di dalam cabang korda
timpani dari nervus fasialis. Sedangkan 1/3 posterior lidah akan mencapai
batang otak melalui nervus vagus. Pada
tiap sisi serabut pengecapan bermielin, tetapi menghantarkan rangsangan relatif
lambat di dalam tiga nervus ini, bersatu dalam medula oblongata untuk memasuki
nukleus dari traktus solitarius.Pengecapan tidak mempunyai area proyeksi
korteks terpisah, tetapi diwakili di dalam bagian gyrus (lekuk) post sentralis
yang melayani sensasi kulit dari wajah.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal yang mempengaruhi Indera Pengecap</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa hal yang dapat membuat reseptor kuncup pengecap menjadi kurang
sensitif.Bila kita mengemut es batu sebelum makan, dinginnya es dapat membuat
kuncup pengecap menjadi kurang sensitif. Begitu juga kalau lidah kita terkena
makanan yang terlalu panas, dapat menyebabkan ‘tongue burning’ dan biasanya
baru akan pulih dalam 1-2 hari.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Indera pengecap mampu mempengaruhi kondisi psikologis seseorang. Menurut
Prof. Dr. Jenny Sunariani, drg., M.S., Guru Besar Universitas Airlangga dalam
bidang Ilmu Biologi Oral,otak mempengaruhi emosi karena pengaruh memori masa
lalu. Saat lidah mengecap sebuah makanan yang pernah dikenalnya, secara tidak
sadar otak akan mengingat kembali kapan saat makanan itu dirasakan. Bila
makanan itu mengingatkan pada memori sedih, bagian otak yang disebut punishment
center akan mengeluarkan hormon kortisol. Hormon kortisol diperlukan tubuh
untuk menghadapi stressor (gangguan atau tekanan dari luar) yang dapat
menyebabkan stress. Jika terlalu banyak, hormon ini akan mempengaruhi jumlah
dan fungsi sel-sel kekebalan tubuh. Karena itu, orang yang terlalu stress atau
sering bersedih lebih mudah terkena penyakit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya, jika otak mengingat sebuah makanan sebagai bagian dari memori
yang menggembirakan, bagian otak yang disebut reward center akan mengeluarkan
endorfin. Endorfin ini disebut juga groove hormone dan mampu merangsang
regenerasi sel serta meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lidah yang kebersihannya tidak
terjaga juga dapat menyebabkan kesensitifan lidah berkurang,
karena banyaknya plak yang terkumpul di permukaan lidah. Selain itu,
produksi air liur yang berkurang dan menyebabkan keadaan mulut kering
(xerostomia) juga membuat lidah tidak bekerja maksimal.Saat kita terkena
influensa, biasanya makanan apapun terasa hambar.Itu karena lidah tidak bekerja
sendirian. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses pengecapan rasa tidak hanya
digawangi oleh lidah tapi juga dibantu oleh hidung. Hidung membantu untuk
pengecapan makanan dengan membauinya sebelum makanan dikunyah dan ditelan.Bau
yang kuat dari suatu makanan dapat mempengaruhi kuncup pengecap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="color: #fff2cc; margin-left: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #fff2cc;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #fff2cc; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-70034714091154291002015-05-14T03:13:00.001-07:002015-05-14T03:15:40.675-07:00Quetions and Their Uses (Interview)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Resume
Interview Chapter 3</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Questions and Their Uses (Pertanyaan dan kegunaannya)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dalam wawancara kita pasti tahu satu-satunya alat yang
terpenting adalah pertanyaan. Pertanyaan dapat menjadi pernyataan atau tindakan
non verbal yang dapat mengundang jawaban atau respon. Menurut sebagian orang,
pertanyaan merupakan alat yang digunakan dalam pekerjaan sehari-hari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan memiliki 3 kriteria :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open or Closed (Terbuka dan tertutup)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary or Probing (Dasar atau penyelidikan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neutral or Leading (Netral atau Mengerahkan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dengan penjelasan
sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open or Closed (Terbuka dan tertutup)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan terbuka :
pertanyaan yang meluas, seringkali hanya sebuah topic dan membiarkan responden
bebas untuk menjawab.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan sangat terbuka : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ceritakan pengalamanmu di Iraq?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang kau ketahui tentang
tanaman organic?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan terbuka yang sedang :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dimana kamu tinggal diIraq?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Liburan pergi kemana saja?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan terbuka yang memiliki keuntungan : Pertanyaan terbuka
membuat responden berbicara serta mendapatkan informasi. Jawaban panjang
mengungkapkan responden tertarik dan memberikan informasi penting. Pertanyaan
terbuka biasanya menimbulkan ketertarikan dan kepercayaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan terbuka tidak membawa keuntungan : pada pertanyaan terbuka
ada kemungkinan responden menjawab dengan jawaban yang terlalu singkat atau
bertele-tele sehingga sulit mendapatkan suatu informasi.</span><br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan Tertutup :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan tertutup tingkat menengah : mempertanyakan pertanyaan yang
khusus dan informasi terbatas. Contohnya : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa acara TV favoritmu?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dimana restoran favoritmu?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Biasanya pertanyaan setengah tertutup ini terjadi pada
saat merekrut pekerjaan dan medis. Contohnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Apa yang kamu makan semalam ?
(Medis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Program computer apa yang kamu
kuasai ? (Rekrut pegawai)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan sangat tertutup : Pertanyaan ini sangat terbatas dan
memperoleh informasi sangat sedikit. Contohnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Seberapa sering kamu menggunakan
laptop ini?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kapan kamu mengganti jurusan
teknologi ke teknik mesin?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Berapa jam yang kamu habiskan ke
New Zealand?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan bipolar : Pertanyaan ini menawarkan jawaban yang
berseberangan. Jawaban “Ya” atau “Tidak” adalah pertanyaan bipolar yang sering
digunakan. Contohnya : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Apakah kamu pergi digiliran pagi
atau siang?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Apakah kamu seorang Republik atau
Demokrat?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Keuntungan pertanyaan tertutup : dengan pertanyaan tertutup membuat
iter dapat mengatur panjangnya jawaban dan inti dari pertanyaan tertutup juga
dapat membuat iter bertanya lebih banyak dengan waktu yang singkat. Jawaban
juga dapat direplikasi, dihitung, dan dianalisis dari satu wawancara ke
wawancara lainnya. Hal ini menjadi sebab mengapa survey menggunakan pertanyaan
tertutup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Kerugian pertanyaan tertutup : menjawab pertanyaan tertutup seringkali
memberikan informasi yang sedikit. Tidak dapat mengukur keseluruhan aspek
sehingga memerlukan pertanyaan yang lebih banyak. Pertanyaan tertutup membuat
itee tidak dapat menjelaskan tentang dirinya dan membuat itee menjawab iya atau
tidak tanpa mengetahui maksud pertanyaannya. Ada baiknya pertanyaan tertutup
dan terbuka digunakan secara seimbang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary or Probing (Dasar atau penyelidikan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary Questions : </span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">introduce topics or new areas within a topic can stand
alone even when taken out of context. Memperkenalkan topic atau daerah baru
dalam topic yang dapat berdiri sendiri bahkan ketika diambil diluar konteks. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Probing Questions :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> Berfungsi untuk mendalami informasi dari primary
question. Oleh karena itu disebut probing atau follow up question. Probing
question biasanya tertutup atau terbuka dan biasanya digunakan lebih dalam dan
memperluas apa yang mungkin disembunyikan itee.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Types of probing questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Silent Probes : menggunakan silent probes ketika responden terlihat
ragu untuk melanjutkan bicara. Dalam silent probes digunakan bahasa non verbal
yang memancing responden berbicara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Nudging Probes : gunakan Nudging Probes jika silent probes gagal atau
kata-kata diperlukan untuk mendapatkan apa yang dibutuhkan. Pertanyaan ini
menyenggol itee untuk meneruskan jawabannya. Biasanya menggunakan kata-kata
seperti “Oh iya, lalu, jadi, uh-hmm, terus.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Clearing House Probes : digunakan untuk membuat responden secara
sukarela memberikan informasi yang tidak ditanyakan. Contoh : “Apalagi yang kau
bisa beritahu tentang pengalaman wawancaramu?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Informational Probes : pertanyaan penting untuk mendapatkan informasi
atau penjelasan tambahan. Contohnya : “Beritahu saya lebih lanjut tentang
kejadian tersebut?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Restatement Probes : digunakan dengan cara mengubah pertanyaan namun
tetap menanyakan hal yang sama. Contohnya : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A : Bagaimana perasaan anda tentang jalan tol yang disewakan pada
investor nasional?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">B : saya lebih konsen pada rute baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A : Itu isu selanjutnya, tetapi bagaimana perasaanmu tentang penyewaan
jalan tol tersebut?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Reflective Probes : digunakan untuk verifikasi dan mengklasifikasikan.
Contoh : “Waktu itu jam 12-kah?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Mirror Probes : digunakan hamper sama dengan Reflective Probes, bedanya
mirror probes digunakan hanya untuk menerima dan merangkum jawaban.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Skillful interviewing with probing questions : penggunaan Probing
Question membutuhkan keterampilan. Probing question bisa menyebabkan masalah,
terkadang ketika seseorang tidak merespon secara langsung kita menggunakan
probing question ketika dibutuhkan. Sehingga harus berhati-hati dan sabar dalam
menggunakannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neutral or Leading (Netral atau Mengerahkan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan netral
memperbolehkan responden untuk memutuskan jawaban tanpa tekanan dari penanya
questioner. Sedangkan pertanyaan yang mengarahkan (Leading question)
menyarankan jawaban yang diharapkan karena penanya mengarahkan responden menuju
jawaban tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neutral Questions :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> allow respondents to decide upon answers without
overt direction or pressure from questioners. All questions discussed and
illustrated so far have been neutral questions.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Leading Questions :</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> suggest answer expected or desired because the
questioner leads the respondent towards a particular answer by making “it
easier or more tempting for the respondent to give one answer than another”
leading questions may be intentional or unintentional, implicit or explicit,
verbal or non-verbal.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neutral Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 106.9pt; margin-right: -48.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Apakah kamu suka naik Roller
Coaster?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Leading Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Saya pikir kamu suka naik roller
coaster.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">situasi<b>
</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau nada dari wawancara dan aturan
dalam setiap pertanyaan yang ditanyakan dan hubungan dengan si penanya bisa
mempengaruhi keinginan responden untuk mengabaikan arahan. Adapun leading
question yang lebih kuat disebut dengan “Loaded Questions”. Loaded questions
mendiktekan jawaban yang benar secara tidak langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Leading
questions yang lebih kuat dapat memungkinkan terjadinya bias, hindari
penggunaan leading question sebisa mungkin. Kamu bisa mengganti pertanyaan
dengan cara non-verbal seperti menaik-naikkan alis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Common Question pitfalls (Pertanyaan jebakan yang biasa muncul)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The bipolar trap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Dapat digunakan dengan
bipolar question karena bipolar question didesain untuk memperoleh jawaban
“Iya” atau “Tidak”. Bipolar question menganggap ada dua kemungkinan dalam
jawaban dan jawaban yang saling bertolak belakang. Bipolar trap digunakan untuk
situasi yang hanya ada jawaban “iya” atau “tidak” yang diinginkan. Contohnya :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A : apakah kamu merasakan sakit didadamu?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">B : tidak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">A : apakah kamu pikir kesehatanmu tidak bagus?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">B : iya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The open-to-closed switch</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pada pertanyaan open to
close switch kamu menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka tapi sebelum dijawab kamu
menggantinya dengan pertanyaan tertutup. Contoh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 106.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Beritahu aku tentang rencana
liburanmu, pergi ke Eropa kah?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 88.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open to closed switch digunakan ketika kamu masih
menyusun pertanyaan dipikiran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The double-barreled inquisition</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ialah ketika kita
menanyakan dua atau lebih pada satu waktu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The leading push</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Ialah ketika kita
menanyakan pertanyaan yang menyarankan seseorang menjawab bagaimana seharusnya.
Contoh : “Saya sangat suka pertunjukkannya, kamu juga kan?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The guessing game</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Pertanyaan ini
digunakan saat kita mencoba menebak informasi tetapi malah menanyakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The yes (No) response</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Digunakan ketika salah
satu pihak menanyakan pertanyaan yang jawabannya jelas “Ya” atau “Tidak”.
Contoh : (bertanya pada murid) Apakah kamu mau DO?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The curious probe</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Menanyakan hal yang
tidak sesuai dengan topic dan biasanya dipakai saat pembukaan wawancara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The quiz show</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Menjadikan wawancara seperti
kuis yang membutuhkan jawaban yang cerdas serta berwawasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Selain jebakanjebakan
yang telah dijelaskan diatas ada lagi yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu Complexity
vs. simplicity (Kompleksitas dan Kesederhanaan). Serta perlu diperhatikan
factor-faktor budaya dan seks dalam memberikan pertanyaan, bisa saja hal yang
kita tanyakan adalah suatu hal yang tabu bagi seseorang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The don’t ask, don’t tell</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Questions are tools for interviews. There are tools
for knowing which to choose for a particular task enables you to perform a
specific task effectively and efficiently. Knowing their names makes it easier
to select the proper tool for the task you are confronting. A question is any
action that solicits an answer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you
are involved in interviews, the tools of the trade are questions, a question
being any statement or nonverbal act that invites an answer or response.
Although the types and subtypes of questions may seem endless, each question
has three essential characteristics. The question is :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open and Closed Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open and closed
questions differ in the amount of information they invite respondents to
provide and the degree of interviewer control. The amount of information may
range from one word to hundreds of words.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open questions are expansive, often specifying only a topic, and allow
the respondent considerable freedom in determining the amount and kind of
information to provide. Open questions invite open answers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Highly Open Questions, have virtually no restrictions. Such as “Tell me
about your trip to eastern Europe”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Moderately Open Questions, have some restrictions but give respondents
considerable latitude in their answers. The questions above might be narrowed.
Such as “what do you know about raising tomatoes organically?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open questions have advantages, open questions
encourage respondents to talk and determine the nature and amount of
information to give. Interviewees can volunteer and elaborate. Open questions
communicate interest and trust in the respondent’s judgment, are usually easier
to answer and pose less threat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open questions have disadvantages, interviewees can
pick and choose, reveal and hide. Keep respondents on track and maintain
control by tactfully intervening to move on. Lengthy, rambling answers are the
difficult to record and process.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Closed questions are narrow in focus and restrict the interviewee’s
freedom to determine the amount and kind of information to provide. Restricted
questions lead to restricted answers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Moderately Closed Questions, ask for specific, limited pieces of
information. Such as “which local restaurants do you go to must often?”.
Moderately closed questions often appear in recruiting interviews in which
applicants are asked to identify specific skills or background information and
in medical interviews in which patients are asked for critical information.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Highly Closed Questions, are very restrictive and may ask respondents
to identify a single bit of information. Such as “How many hours did it take to
fly to New Zealand?”. Other highly closed questions ask respondents to select
answers from a list and may provide a list and a scale to choose from.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Bipolar Questions, closed questions may be bipolar because they limit
respondents to two polar choices. Some ask you to select an answer from polar
opposites. Bipolar questions offer polar opposites for answers. Other bipolar
questions ask for an evaluations or attitude. And the most common bipolar
questions ask for yes or no responses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Closed question have advantages, closed questions
require little effort from either party and allow you to ask more questions, in
more areas, in less time. And answers are easy to replicate, tabulate, and
analyze from one interview to another. This is why surveys employ closed
questions. Closed questions provide control and direction.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Closed questions have disadvantage, answers to closed
questions often contain too little information, requiring you to ask several
questions when one open question would do the job. And they do not reveal why a
person has a particular attitude, the person’s degree feeling or commitment, or
why this person typically makes choices. Closed questions stifle volunteering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary and Probing Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neutral and Leading Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Loaded questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Open Questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Closed questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Primary and probing questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Types of probing questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Skillful
interviewing with probing questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Neutral
and leading questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Loaded questions</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-91407846695122943832015-05-14T03:10:00.000-07:002015-05-14T03:10:14.052-07:00Kesehatan Mental Dalam Perspektif Islam<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam
kehidupan didunia ini setiap orang ingin merasakan kedamaian dan kebahagiaan.
Mereka berlomba-lomba untuk mencapai kebahagiaan itu meskipun tidak semua dapat
dipenuhi. Ada banyak rintangan yang menyebabkan keinginan itu sulit terjadi,
sehingga mereka akan merasakan kegelisahan, kecemasan dan ketidakpuasan karena
kegagalannya. Dalam buku Prof. Zakiah Drajat, dijabarkan bahwa keadaan yang
tidak menyenangkan itu tidak terbatas kepada golongan tertentu saja, tetapi
tergantung kepada cara orang menghadapi suatu persoalannya. Sehingga dapat
diambil kesimpulan bahwa ketenangan hidup dan ketentraman jiwa bukanlah
didapatkan dari hal materislistik semata, namun lebih tergantung kepada cara
dan sikap dalam menghadapi setiap persoalan tersebut. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam
menghadapi situasi yang seperti itu dibutuhkan penyesuaian diri yang baik, akan
tetapi apabila orang tersebut tidak dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan baik
maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jelaslah bahwa ia sedang terganggu
kesehatan mentalnya. Kesehatan mental dalam kehidupan manusia merupakan masalah
yang amat penting karena menyangkut soal kualitas dan kebahagian manusia. Tanpa
kesehatan yang baik orang tidak akan mungkin mendapatkan kebahagian dan
kualitas sumber daya manusia yang tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Menurut Musthafa
Fahmi yang dikutip dari buku Nuansa-nuansa Psikologi Islami, ia mendefinisikan
kesehatan mental dalam dua pola. Yaitu : </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Pola negatif
(salabiy), bahwa kesehatan mental adalah terhindarnya seseorang dari segala
neurosis (<i>al-amradh al-ashabiyah) </i>dan psikosis<i> (al-amradh
al-dzihaniyah). Kedua, </i>pola positif (<i>ijabiy</i>), bahwa kesehatan
mental adalah kemampuan individu dalam penyesuaian diri sendiri dan terhadap
lingkungan sosialnya.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ibnu Rusyd mengartikan kesehatan jiwa itu dengan takwa. Dalam
pengertian ini orang yang sangat sehat jiwanya adalah orang yang memiliki
keimanan dan ketakwaan dalam kehidupan jiwanya. Takwa sebagai konsep kesehatan
jiwa dalam islam bagi Ibnu Rasyd dapat dimaklumi dan dipahami, karena makna
takwa itu luas dan tinggi.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tegasnya Ibnu Rusyd mengatakan takwa adalah kesehatan jiwa dan
hawa nafsu adalah unsure jiwa yang membuat kehidupan jiwa terganggu dan sakit.
Kesehatan jiwa dalam arti takwa itu berasal dari Allah SWT.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Adapun al-Ghazali mengistilahkan kesehatan jiwa itu dengan
tazkiyat al nafs yang artinya identik dengan iman dan takwa sebagai yang telah
dijelaskan. Ia mengartikan tazkiyat al nafs itu dengan ilmu penyakit jiwa dan
sebab musababnya, serta ilmu tentang pembinaan dan pengembangan hidup kejiwaan
manusia, suatu pengertian yang identik dengan kesehatan jiwa. Pengertian
tersebut tidak terbatas pada konsepnya pada gangguan dan penyakit kejiwaan
serta perawatan dan pengobatannya, tetapi juga meliputi pembinaan dan
pengembangan jiwa manusia setinggi mungkin menuju kesehatan dan kesempurnaannya
sesuai dengan arti kata tazkiyat itu sendiri.</span></div>
<div style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebagai
makhluk multi potensial manusia memiliki potensi yang amat banyak yang
dikaruniakan Allah SWT kepadanya yang dalam islam terkandung dalam asma
ulhusna. Salah satunya adalah agama. Agama adalah jalan utama menuju kesehatan
mental, karena dalam agama ada kebutuhan-kebutuhan jiwa manusia, kekuatan untuk
mengendalikan manusia dla memenuhi kebutuhaan, serta sampai kepada kekuatan
untuk menafikan pemenuhan kebutuhan manusia tanpa membawa dampak psikologis
yang negative.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan menurut Hanna Djumhana
Bastaman, menjelaskan lebih luas mengenai pola pengembangan potensi yang dimiliki
manusia yaitu berkaitan dengan kualitas insane seperti kreativitas,
produktivitas, kecerdasan dan tanggung jawab. Kesehatan mental berarti
kemampuan individu untuk memfungsikan potensi manusiawinya secara maksimal,
sehingga ia memperoleh manfaat bagi dirinya sendiri dan bagi orang lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.4pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Zakiah Daradjat secara lengkap
mendefinisikan kesehatan mental dengan <i>”terwujudnya keserasian yang
sungguh-sungguh antara fungsi-fungsi kejiwaan dan terciptanya penyesuaian diri
antara individu dengan dirinya sendiri dan lingkungannya berdasarkan keimanan
dan ketakwaan”.</i></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Istilah Kesehatan Mental diambil dari
konsep mental hygiene, kata mental berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang berarti
Kejiwaan. Kata mental memilki persamaan makna dengan kata Psy</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">c</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">he yang berasal dari bahasa latin yang berarti Psikis atau Jiwa, jadi dapat
diambil kesimpulan bahwa mental hygiene berarti mental yang sehat atau
kesehatan mental.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Kesehatan
mental adalah terhindarnya seseorang dari keluhan dan gangguan mental baik
berupa neurosis maupun psikosis (penyesuaian diri terhadap lingkungan sosial)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Mental yang sehat tidak akan mudah
terganggu oleh Stressor (Penyebab terjadinya stres) orang yang memiliki mental
sehat berarti mampu menahan diri dari tekanan-tekanan yang datang dari dirinya
sendiri dan lingkungannya. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">C</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">iri-ciri
orang yang memilki kesehatan mental adalah Memilki kemampuan diri untuk
bertahan dari tekanan-tekanan yang datang dari lingkungannya.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. TANDA-TANDA KESEHATAN MENTAL DALAM ISLAM</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Memasuki
abad 19 konsep kesehatan mental mulai berkembang dengan pesatnya namun apabila
ditinjau lebih mendalam teori-teori yang berkembang tentang kesehatan mental
masih bersifat sekuler, pusat perhatian dan kajian dari kesehatan mental
tersebut adalah kehidupan di dunia, pribadi yang sehat dalam menghadapi masalah
dan menjalani kehidupan hanya berorientasi pada konsep sekarang ini dan disini,
tanpa memikirkan adanya hubungan antara masa lalu, masa kini dan masa yang akan
datang.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Jauh berbeda
dengan konsep kesehatan berlandaskan agama yang memiliki konsep jangka panjang
dan tidak hanya berorientasi pada masa kini sekarang serta disini, agama dapat
memberi dampak yang cukup berarti dalam kehidupan manusia, termasuk terhadap
kesehatan.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Orang yang
sehat mental akan senantiasa merasa aman dan bahagia dalam kondisi apapun, ia
juga akan melakukan intropeksi atas segala hal yang dilakukannya sehingga ia
akan m<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>ampu mengontrol dan mengendalikan dirinya sendiri.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Fitrah manusia sebagai makhluk ciptaan Allah SWT ialah
manusia diciptakan mempunyai naluri beragama yaitu agama tauhid. Kalau ada
manusia tidak beragama tauhid, maka tidak wajar, mereka tidak beragama tauhid
itu hanya karena pengaruh lingkungan, seperti yang ada dalam (QS Ar Ruum 30:30)
Artinya:”Maka hadapkanlah wajahmu dengan lurus kepada agama Allah; (tetaplah
atas) fitrah Allah yang Telah menciptakan manusia menurut fitrah itu. tidak ada
peubahan pada fitrah Allah. (Itulah) agama yang lurus; tetapi kebanyakan
manusia tidak mengetahui fitrah Allah”, maksudnya ciptaan Allah. manusia
diciptakan Allah mempunyai naluri beragama yaitu agama tauhid. kalau ada
manusia tidak beragama tauhid, Maka hal itu tidaklah wajar. mereka tidak
beragama tauhid itu hanyalah lantara pengaruh lingkungan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Agama tampaknya memang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari
kehidupan manusia. Pengingkaran manusia terhadap agama mungkin karena
faktor-faktor tertentu baik yang disebabkan oleh kepribadian maupun lingkungan
masing-masing. Namun untuk menutupi atau meniadakan sama sekali dorongan dan
rasa keagamaan kelihatannya sulit dilakukan, hal ini Karena manusia ternyata
memiliki unsur batin yang cenderung mendorongnya untuk tunduk kepada Zat yang
gaib, ketundukan ini merupakan bagian dari faktor intern manusia dalam
psikologi kepribadian dinamakan pribadi (Self) ataupun hati nurani (conscience
of man)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.15pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">Ciri-ciri
kesehatan mental dikelompokkan kedalam enam kategori, yaitu:</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">1) Memiliki sikap
batin (Attidude) yang positif terhadap dirinya sendiri.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">2) Aktualisasi diri.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">3) Mampu mengadakan
integrasi dengan fungsi-fungsi yang psikis ada.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">4) Mampu berotonom
terhadap diri sendiri (Mandiri).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">5) Memiliki persepsi
yang obyektif terhadap realitas yang ada.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;">6) Mampu
menselaraskan kondisi lingkungan dengan diri sendiri. (Jahoda, 1980).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari konsep insan kamil dapat kita
tarik kesimpulan bahwa orang yang sehat mental diantaranya mempunyai ciri-ciri
sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
motif utama setiap tindakannya adalah beribadah kepada Allah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
senantiasa berdzikir (mengingat Allah) dalam menghadapi segala permasalahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.
beramal dengan ilmu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Ketika seseorang mampu menghindarkan diri dari gangguan mental dan penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.
Ketika seseorang mampu menyesuaikan diri dengan masyarakat, alam, dan Tuhannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.
Ketika seseorang mampu mengendalikan diri terhadap semua problema dan keadaan
hidup sehari-hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.
Ketika dalam diri seeorang terwujud keserasian, dan keharmonisan antara
fungsi-fungsi kejiwaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Pengaruh
Kesehatan mental terhadap kesehatan jasmaniah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Salah
satu kondisi kesehatan mental pada individu ialah adanya kemampuan untuk
memelihara atau menjaga diri. Artinya, kesehatan mental seseorang ditandai
dengan kemampuan untuk memilah-milah dan mempertimbangkan perbuatan yang akan
dilakukannya. Perbuatan yang hina dapat menyebabkan psikopatologis, sedangkan
perbuatan yang baik menyebabkan pemeliharaan kesehatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kalau
dulu orang mengatakan bahwa mental yang sehat terletak dalam badan yang sehat,
maka sekarang terbukti pula sebaliknya, yaitu kesehatan mental menentukan
kesehatan badan. Akhir-akhir ini banyak terdapat penyakit yang dinamakan
psychosomatic, yaitu penyakit pada badan yang disebabkan oleh mental.
Penyakit-penyakit lain yang banyak terdapat di era millenium ini adalah tekanan
darah tinggi, tekanan darah rendah stroke, penyakit jantung dan stres dan
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ada faktor
penting lainnya yang mempengaruhi kesehatan mental yaitu faktor agama dan
spiritualitas. Menurut Prof. Dr. Muhammad Mahmud Abd Al-Qadir lebih jauh
membahas hubungan antara agama dan kesehatan mental melalui pendekatan teori
biokimia. Menurutnya, di dalam tubuh manusia terdapat sembilan jenis kelanjar
hormon yang memproduksi persenyawaan kimia yang mempunyai pengaruh biokimia
tertentu, disalurkan lewat pembuluh darah dan selanjutnya memberi pengaruh
kepada eksistensi dan berbagai kegiatan tubuh.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lebih
jauh Muhammad Abd Al-Qadir berkesimpulan bahwa segala bentuk gejala emosi
seperti bahagia, rasa dendam, rasa marah, takut, berani, pengecut yang ada di
dalam diri manusia adalah akibat dari pengaruh persenyawaan kimia hormon
disamping persenyawaan lainnya. Penemuan Muhammad Abd A-Qadir seorang ulama dan
ahli biokimia setidaknya memberi bukti akan adanya hubungan antara keyakinan
agama dengan kesehatan jiwa (mental).</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Barang kali
hubungan antara kejiwaan (mental) dan agama dalam kaitannya dengan hubungan
antara agama sebagai keyakinan dan kesehatan mental terletak pada sikap
penyerahan diri sesorang terhadap suatu kekuasaan Yang Maha Tinggi. Sikap
pasrah yang serupa itu diduga akan memberi sikap optimis pada diri seseorang
sehingga muncul perasaan positif seperti bahagia, puas, sukses dan lain
sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penyakit-penyakit
lain yang banyak mengganggu kehidupan masyarakat di jaman modern sekarang ini
disebabkan antara lain oleh tekanan perasaan yang terjadi karena ketidakmampuan
dalam mencapai apa yang diinginkan atau karena terlalu banyaknya persaingan
dalam hidupnya sehingga memicu stress yang berlebih. Dalam kehidupan banyak
sekali factor-faktor yang menyebabkan terhalangnya orang dalam mencapai hal
yang diinginkannya itu. Orang yang sehat mentalnya akan dapat menunda buat
sementara pemuasan kebutuhannya itu atau ia dapat menerima tekanan perasaan itu
untuk sementara, sambil menunggu adanya kesempatan yang memungkinkannya
mencapai keinginan itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Psikologi Kesehatan juga mempelajari
aspek-aspek psikologis dari pencegahan dan perawatan sakit. Seorang psikologi
kesehatan misalnya, membantu mereka yang bekerja di lingkungan yang memiliki
tingkat stress yang tinggi untuk mengelola stress dengan efektif, sehingga
tekanan yang dialami di lingkungan kerja tidak mempengaruhi kesehatan mereka.
Seorang psikolog kesehatan juga dapat bekerja dengan mereka yang sedang
menderita suatu penyakit agar dapat menyesuaikan mental dan fisik mereka dengan
penyakit tersebut atau untuk mematuhi treatment yang dirancang oleh dokter yang
merawatnya. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
</div>
Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-998260054713120186.post-81846685227269530862015-05-14T03:03:00.000-07:002015-05-14T03:03:25.744-07:00PENGERTIAN KESEHATAN MENTAL<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.1 Sejarah
Perkembangan Kesehatan Mental</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Periodisasi
sejarah perkembangan kesehatan mental terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu Era prailmiah
dan Era modern. Ini terjadi karena pengetahuan yang sangat minim di masa itu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Era
Prailmiah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada
masa prasejarah orang-orang menduga bahwa penyebab penyakit mental adalah
syaitan-syaitan, roh-roh jahat, kutukan, magic dan dosa-dosa seperti konsep
primitive animisme. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orang
Yunani percaya bahwa gangguan mental terjadi karena dewa marah dan membawa
pergi jiwanya. Untuk menghindari kemarahannya, mereka mengadakan perjamuan. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Oleh
karena itu para penderita penyakit mental dimasukkan dalam penjara di bawah
tanah atau dihukum dan diikat erat-erat dengan rantai besi yang berat dan kuat.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan sikap
terhadap tradisi animisme terjadi pada jaman Hipocrates (460-467). Dia dan
pengikutnya mengembangkan pandangan revolusioner dalam pengobatan kesehatan
mental, yaitu dengan pendekatan naturalisme. Aliran berpendapat bahwa gangguan
mental atau fisik akibat dari alam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya,
pendekatan naturalistik ini tidak dipergunakan lagi. Dokter Perancis, Philipe
Pinel (1745-1826) menggunakan filsafat politik dan sosial untuk memecahkan
problem penyakit mental. Ia seorang kepala Rumah Sakit Bicetre di Paris.
Dirumah sakit ini pasienya yang maniac dirantai, diikat ditembok, ditempat
tidur selama 20 tahun atau lebih. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Namun, lambat
laun Pinel mengadakan perbaikan dalam menanggulangi orang-orang yang terganggu
mentalnya ini. Masa-masa Pinel dan Tuke ini selanjutnya dikenal dengan masa pra
ilmiah karena hanya usaha dan praksis yang mereka lakukan tanpa adanya
teori-teori yang dikemukakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Era Modern</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Masa
selanjutnya adalah masa ilmiah, dimana tidak hanya praksis yang dilakukan
tetapi berbagai teori mengenai kesehatan mental dikemukakan. Masa ini
berkembang seiring dengan berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan alam di Eropa. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perubahan yang sangat berarti dalam
sikap dan era gangguan mental yaitu dari animisme (irrasional) dan tradisional
kesikap dan cara yang rasional (ilmiah), terjadi saat berkembangnya psikologi
abnormal dan psikiatri di Amerika Serikat tahun 1783. Ketika itu Benyamin Rush
(1745-1813) sebagai staff medis di rumah sakit Penisylvania, terdapat 24 pasien
yang dianggap lunaties (orang-orang gila atau sakit ingatan). Rush melakukan
usaha lain selain mengurung dan mengguyur air terhadap pasienya, yaitu dengan
cara : memberikan motivasi (dorongan) untuk ingin bekerja, refreshing (mencari
kesenangan).</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkembangan kesehatan mental
dipengaruhi oleh gagasan, pemikiran, dan inspirasi para ahli, terutama 2 tokoh
perintis ini yaitu : Dorothea Lynde Dix dan Clifford Whittingham Beers orang
yang mendedikasikan hidupnya dalam bidang pencegahan gangguan mental. Berkat
usaha Dix dia dapat membangun 32 rumah sakit jiwa di Amerika. Perkembangan
gerakan kesehantan mental tidak lepas dari Clifford Whittingham Beers
(1876-193) karena jasanya ia dinobatkan sebagai “The Founder Of The Mental
Hygiene Movement”.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selama dekade 1900-1909 beberapa
organisasi kesehatan mental telah didirikan, seperti American Social Hygiene
Association (ASHA) dan American Federation For Sex Hygiene. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada
tahun 1950 organisasi mental terus bertambah dengan berdirinya National
Association For Mental Health berkerjasama dengan 3 organisasi yaitu : National
Commite Siciety For Mental Hygiene, National Mental Health Foundation, dan
Psychiatric Foundation. Dibelahan dunia lain gerakan kesehatan mental dikembangkan
melalui World Federation For Mental Health Organization.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.2 Definisi
Kesehatan Mental</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kehidupan
masyarakat belakangan ini menampilkan dualism antagonistic yang saling
bertentangan namun juga memberi manfaat yang besar, kehidupan modern yang serba
elektronik dan mekanistik berhasil mewujudkan hal yang spektakuler khususnya
dalam bidang ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Namun disisi lain, manusia
menampakkan keburaman dalam ekspresi dan ketimpangan kesenjangan sosial
sehingga laku dan ucapnya terlihat kosong dari cahaya keIlahian. Dalam
meningkatkan kesadaran pada realitas terbesar atas dirinya diperlukan
kestabilitasan jiwa sebagai fundamental dari setiap tingkah laku dan
perbuatannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menurut
Gordon Allport, kesehatan sama dengan kebahagiaan. Baginya kebahagiaan
merupakan tolak ukur dalam suatu bagian integral dari kepribadian yang sehat.
Kebahagiaan ini ditunjukkan dari hasil kehidupan yang produktif serta memajukan
tingkat produktifitas menjadi lebih tinggi. Dalam arti yang luas, sehat dapat diartikan
sebagai suatu keadaan dinamis, dimana individu dapat menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya.
Psikologi kesehatan adalah salah satu bagian dari psikologi klinis yang dikenal
dengan istilah “medical psychology”, dan sekarang selalu di kaitkan dengan “behavioral
medicine”. Dasar pemikiran Psikologi kesehatan adalah adanya hubungan antara
pikiran manusia (mind) dan tubuhnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sedangkan
definisi kesehatan mental, tidak cukup hanya pada batas kemampuan seseorang
dalam menyesuaikan diri saja seperti yang disebutkan diatas tadi. Melainkan
juga pengetahuan dan perbuatan seseorang yang bertujuan untuk mengembangkan dan
memanfaatkan segala potensi , bakat dan pembawaan yang ada dengan semaksimal
mungkin. Sehingga membawa kepada kebahagiaan diri serta terwujudnya keharmonisan
yang sungguh-sungguh antara fungsi-fungsi jiwa, serta mempunyai kesanggupan
untuk menghadapi problem-problem yang biasa terjadi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dari
permasalahan yang begitu kompleks dihadapi manusia belakangan ini, kesehatan
mental diperlukan untuk modal pertahanan dalam mengarungi hidup. Mental yang
sehat sangat berguna untuk mencapai suatu hidup yang tenang dan menyenangkan.
Disamping kesehatan fisik yang wajib kita miliki, kesehatan mental dibutuhkan
saat-saat manusia goncang dan resah dalam menentukan status diri dan identitas
kemanusiaannya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sebelum kita masuk dalam pembahasan yang lebih
jauh. Mari kita lihat satu persatu pengertian dua kata tersebut. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsep sehat sendiri mempunyai arti
yang sangat luas. Sehat bukan sekedar berarti tidak sakit melainkan
pengertiannya bisa lebih luas dari itu. Menurut kamus bahasa Indonesia modern,
kata sehat berarti individu sedang dalam keadaan yang baik sekujur badan serta
bagian-bagiannya, bebas dari penyakit, dalam keadaan waras; mendatangkan
kebaikan pada badan; baik dalam keadaan biasa atau normal pikirannya; berjalan
sebagaimana mestinya. Dalam definisi lain,sehat adalah kondisi seseorang dimana
seluruh bagian dari manusia dapat bekerja sama dengan baik,sehingga dapat
menyesuaikan diri dengan lingkungannya. Sedangkan kata mental atau mentalitas
berarti : cara berfikir dan berperasaan (afeksi,kognisi,dan konasi). Dengan
kata lain mengacu pada kondisi internal individu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam
kamus Wikipedia.com kesehatan adalah keadaan sejahtera dari badan, jiwa dan
social yang memungkinkan setiap orang hidup produktif secara social dan
ekonomis. Dengan kata lain kesehatan adalah sesuatu yang sangat berguna.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sedangkan pengertian harfiah dari mental itu
sendiri ialah jiwa. Yang berarti fikiran dan hati yang juga merupakan ruang lingkup
dari kejiwaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Banyak teori yang
dikemukan oleh ahli jiwa tentang kesehatan mental, misalnya teori psikoanalisis,
behavioris dan humanisme. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
dijelaskan 4 mazhab keilmuan yang memberikan definisi kesehatan mental :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Psikoanalisa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendekatan yang meyakini</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahwa</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">interaksi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">individu</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">awal</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kehidupannya</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">serta</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">konflik</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">intrapsikis yang terjadi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perkembangan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kesehatan mental seseorang. Faktor</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epigenetik</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempelajari</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kematangan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">psikologis</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seseorang yang berkembang</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seiring</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pertumbuhan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fisik</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tahap</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tahap</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perkembangan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">individu, juga</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">factor</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">penentu</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kesehatan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mental individu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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B. Behavioristik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendekatan
yang meyakini Proses pembelajaran</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan Proses belajar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sosial<br />
akan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mempengaruhi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kepribadian</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">seseorang. Kesalahan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">individu</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dalam proses<br />
pembelajaran</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">belajar</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">social</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">akan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengakibatkan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gangguan mental.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Humanistik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">individu</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dipengaruhi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">oleh</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hirarkhi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kebutuhan yang dimiliki. Selain</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">itu, individu</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diyakini</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memiliki</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kemampuan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">memahami</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">potensi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dirinya</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan<br />
berkembang</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mencapai</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aktualisasi</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diri.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D. Psikososial</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Erick Erikson, kemampuan individu dalam berinteraksi dengan lingkungan sosial,
berhubungan secara interpersonal dan mampu beradaptasi dengan budaya dan
lingkungan sekitarnya dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan mental bagi individu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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Liyaa Khoiratulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00729821874705773820noreply@blogger.com0